The case of Hamdan v Rumsfeld Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The case of Hamdan v Rumsfeld - Essay Example de by Senate and Congress and the changing of the language in the bill whereby even though the courts would be stripped off jurisdiction in Guantanamo Bay cases, the pending cases would still be heard by the court. The fact that the legal language and points argued presented by the defense was based strictly on law and almost every one of them had the Supreme Court judges agree to them was evident that the case and ruling were solely based on strict construction. The ruling would however have been based on judicial activism had it been based on Columbia or Virginia as the ruling would have been political. The decision for the judges to base their ruling on strict construction was an indication of the judicial arm of the government being impartial and this boosts the society’s trust in this arm of the government. Allegation shave been made in the past about how the court prejudiced the courts are and the judges show much support to the politics and administration of the day rather than do what is right. This decision however completely changed that view and especially for the immigrants and people of other races who are considered minority like the Yemeni driver. The society will also start believing in the bill of rights as the decision which was based on the sixth amendment and the third Geneva Convention upheld fairness for all and accorded the prisoners in the military prison in Cuba a fighting chance for their cases to be heard and for them to be proven guilty or not as prisoners of war. The society can now start having more faith in the judicial system and believing that everyone has a fighting chance and a chance to be heard in court and the ruling made fair (Walsh and Craig 28). The social contract emphasizes that the individuals are the real people behind the government and even though they have appointed leaders as state people to govern them, they are just considered the guardians of the people’s rights (Rousseau, 26). These guardians are supposed

African American Essay Essay Example for Free

African American Essay Essay African American literature is captivating, powerful, spiritual, and emotional. The recurring theme is slavery but there are others such as inequality among sexes and races, injustice, resentment, and the strong belief in religion. These pieces of literature have been told by the individuals who went through the experience of slavery such as Frederick Douglass and others, like Jamaica Kincaid who have a passion for writing. The writers who experienced slavery themselves had differing views of their experience and relationship with their master. These pieces of literature share the pain, strength, heartache and will to go that each of these individuals experienced. The first reading is, To My Old Master, by Jourdan Anderson. This piece of literature is Anderson’s response to a letter he has received from his old master. It is a compelling story about how terrible and bad the Whites treated the African Americans. The master want’s Anderson and his family to come back and work for him. He reminds the master about how poorly they were treated while working for him. Anderson states, â€Å"Although you shot at me twice before I left you, I did not want to hear of your being hurt, and am glad you are still living. † (1865, p. 15). Anderson tells the master that he is making money and his family is living and doing well. He even expresses that his children are receiving an education now. It is very apparent to the reader that Anderson’s wife does not want to return and work for the master. â€Å"Mandy says she would be afraid to go back without some proof that you were disposed to treat us justly and kindly; and we have concluded to test your sincerity by asking you to send us our wages for the time we served you. † (1865, p. 16). Anderson remembers how horribly the woman and girls were treated, and he will never allow his daughters to go through that experience. â€Å"I would stay here and starve- and die, if it come to that- than to have my girls brought to shame by the violence and wickedness of their young masters. † (1865, p. 16) The end of the story the reader still feels Anderson’s resentment and bitterness toward the master. The next story and the one piece I enjoyed the most is, â€Å"White Folks Treated Us Good† by Marriah Hines. Hines states, â€Å"My white people treated us decent. † (p. 32). She goes onto further explain how her master feed, dressed, and kept them well. Hines explains how terrible master’s treated other slaves. â€Å"Some unfortunate individuals practically have nothing to eat. Why, the way their owners treated them was disgraceful treated them like felines and canines† (Hines, p. 32). Hines sounds fortunate and lucky to have worked for her master. The master gave the slaves Sunday off to rest and even allowed them to attend Church. Unlike other slaves Hines was never raped, beaten, or treated in a physical horrible way. The compelling part of this piece occured when the slaves were allowed to leave; most of them choose to stay. â€Å"Most of us stayed right there and raised our own crops. † (p. 34). Hines knew of her freedom but believed in her loyalty to her master and his family. The master provided her with assistance and support. A rare occurrence to read an African American piece of literature that speaks of a master in a positive and respectful manner. This master was a different man of his time. He did not take advantage of his slaves or treat them in a horrendous manner. This master used his slaves to care and run his property but treated them with respect and dignity, they deserved. Hines went onto, marry Benjamin F. Hines and give birth to five children. The last piece of literature is, â€Å"If We Must Die† by Claude McKay. This poem is about how horribly and disgusting Whites treated African Americans. It is written about the race riots in 1919. It describes the strength of the African Americans standing up to the Whites even if it ultimately meant dying. McKay states, â€Å"Like men we’ll face the murderous, cowardly pack, pressed to the wall, dying but fighting back! † (p. 378). This poem exemplifies the bravery and the will to fight for what is right otherwise these people would have been beaten and killed for the rest of their lives. There will always be a presence of racism in the world and specifically in the United States of America. Still today African Americans are treated equally as Whites. Although we as a country have come a very long way there is still work to be done. The more we educate people the less we will experience ignorance. The hate and the idea of inferiority will slow diminish if people become educated. I can end proudly stating that I am married to a Black man and we have two beautiful daughters, and I give an enormous amount of respect to those who fought for what was right. References Anderson, J. (1865). To my old master. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African American Literature. Abrief introduction and anthology (pp. 15-16). New York: The Longman LiteraryMosaic Series. [serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from:Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 23, 2011. Hines, M. (n. d. ). My white folks treated us good. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African Americanliterature. A brief introduction and anthology (pp. 21-25). New York: TheLongman Literary Mosaic Series. [serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from: Academic Search Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed May 21,2011. McKay, C. (n. d. ). If we must die. In I. Reed (Ed. ), African American literature. Abriefintroduction and anthology (pp. 378). New York: The Longman LiterarySeries[serial online]. December 2005;36(4):299-323. Available from: AcademicSearchComplete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed Dec, 2011.

Maglev Trains :: Magnet Train Trains Essays

Maglev Trains As almost any child knows, magnets have the ability to attract and repel other magnets. This knowledge is now being utilized in separate projects in Germany and Japan to propel and levitate a new and innovative type of train, the magnetic lift train. A German company called Transrapid is now able to build a train takes advantage of a magnets ability to attract magnetic materials. Upon observing the system from a distance, it looks to be composed of only T-shaped track and a train that wraps around the ledges of the track. However, the wrap-around part of the train hides the mechanisms that cause the train to levitate and to fly through the air. Ferromagnets on the underside of both of both the track’s ledges attract electromagnets on the wrap-around-the-track part of the train that is adjacent to the ferromagnets. A computer controls the amount of current flowing through the electromagnets in order to keep the train at a constant 1 cm from the track (#5). These electromagnets are powered by onboard batteries that are charged by linear generators that convert motion into electricity. In addition, the train needs more than its levitation system to maintain its proper lateral position on the track. The Transrapid syst em accomplishes this feat by creating an attractive field between magnets on both the track’s ledge’s sides and on the interior sides of both the warp-around-the-track parts of the train. The two attractive forces cancel each other out and cause the train to remain in the same lateral distance from the track.(Most of the information is form #4.) In addition to levitating the vehicles with magnetic forces, the Transrapid train’s propulsion system also uses magnetism. The forces used to propel and break the vehicle are both created with the aluminum three-phase cable winding in the ferromagnets on the track and the electromagnets on the train. The train moves forward when an alternating current, supplied by an outside source, is sent through the windings on the track. This creates an alternating magnetic field that both pushes and pulls the train along the track. In order to slow the train down the alternating current is reversed. This causes the train to be pushed and pulled in the direction opposite of its motion. Also, this system is energy efficient because instead of electrifying the entire track, the only electrified part is length where the train is traveling.

Geosciene Online Quiz Question and Answers

The Geosci Motherload Unit 1 – Science! |1. |The US government, and most other governments of the world, provide support for scientists but not for astrologers, palm readers, or telephone | | |â€Å"psychics†. Why do governments support scientists? | | |A. | | |Scientists are amazingly sexy, and government functionaries simply cannot control themselves in the presence of such overwhelming sexiness and | | |throw money at the scientists (sometimes tucking tens and twenties into the pockets of the scientists’ lab coats). | | | | |B. | | |Scientists use a careful method, and governments are always committed to supporting the use of careful methods. | | | | | |C. | | |Scientists help humans do useful things, which makes the humans healthier, wealthier, etc. , and governments often like to support health and | | |wealth. | | | | |D. | | |Scientists all drink Diet Pepsi because they think it makes them look sexy, and governments are all controlled by the powerful Pe psi | | |Corporation and so the governments support the Diet-Pepsi-drinking scientists. | | | | | |E. | | |Scientists learn the Truth, and governments are always deeply committed to learning the truth. | | | The government is often interested in seeing people live longer, or improving the economy, or having better and more-accurate explosive devices for the military, or in many other things that improve our lives, and science plus engineering and scientific medicine are better than any other human activity at delivering these. A cynic might say that politicians are often not all that interested in finding the Truth.And a realist would note that science is being improved all the time, and because you cannot improve on the Truth, science has not (yet? ) learned the Truth. There are many methods in the world, some of them are careful, and many of them are not funded by the government. Some of our spouses or significant others may think that some scientists are sexy, but many other se xy persons are not funded by the government. One of the professors has been known to drink a competitor of Pepsi on occasion, and some scientists refrain from soft drinks entirely. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |C | |Your Response: |C | |2. |What is an accurate description of the job of a scientist? | | |A. | |The scientist does only things that require high-tech equipment. | | | | | |B. | | |The scientist invents new ideas, and goes on to show that some of those ideas are false. | | | | | |C. | | |The scientist learns the Truth through careful application of the scientific method. | | | | | |D. | |The scientist does only things that show how sexy being a scientist really is, causing down-trodden non-scientists to lose control of | | |themselves with carnal lust for the scientist. | | | | | |E. | | |The scientist Invents new ideas, and then goes on to prove that some of those ideas are True. | | | | Much of the fun in science is coming up with great new ideas (h ypotheses, if you like fancy words).But for your new idea to â€Å"win†, you have to show that it does better than old ideas, so you have to prove those old ideas false (or incomplete, or not-quite-right, or whatever â€Å"nice† word you might prefer). The scientific method is a powerful way for humans to learn to do things, and learn what does and doesn’t work, but the results of science are always open to improvement, so are not claimed to be Truth, and probably are not Truth. Some scientists still use pencils and look at things, and there are probably a few non-sexy scientists around somewhere. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |3. |Newton’s ideas on physics â€Å"won†, and Aristotle’s ideas were kicked out of science and over into history. Why? | | |A. | | |Newton’s ideas appealed to dead white European males, whereas Aristotle’s didn’t because Aristotle wore a toga all the time. | | | | | |B. | |Newton’s ideas did a better job of predicting how nature would behave. | | | | | |C. | | |Newton’s ideas appealed to dead white European males, whereas Aristotle’s didn’t. | | | | | |D. | | |Newton’s ideas were more elegant, and so were intellectually favored. | | | | | |E. | | |Newton won the Nobel prize. | | | |Unlike painting or literature, scientific inquiry has a well-defined procedure for figuring out if Newton's ideas are better or if Aristotle had it right all along. In looking at a painting, we can ask different people what they think, or we can make up our own mind on whether we like it or not, and that is perfectly valid. In science, we have to ask: does the idea fit with the way the world works? Can I predict the speed of a falling object better using Newton's ideas or Aristotle's? As it turns out, Aristotle’s ideas didn’t predict things very well, and Newton’s did. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |4. |Scientists often speak of consensus—the scientific community agrees that a particular theory is better than the competitors.What is such | | |scientific consensus based on? | | |A. | | |The insistence of a single scientist that he or she is correct. | | | | | |B. | | |A number of different experiments by different people that all had outcomes that were predicted accurately by the favored theory and not by | | |the competitors. | | | | | |C. | | |Statements in the old textbooks that the scientists studied when they were in school. | | | | | |D. | |The decision of the Nobel prize committee to give the inventor of the idea a lot of money. | | | | | |E. | | |A single experiment had an outcome that was predicted accurately by the favored theory and not by the competitors. | | | | Agreement on scientific theories is a contentious, drawn-out, and sometimes acrimonious business. Scientists are no better (and no worse! ) than everyb ody else: we think we are right and those who disagree with us are dunderheads!I put forward my idea, and the experiments that I did that show the idea is a good one†¦ then everybody else piles on and pooh-poohs my idea. BUT, they go out and do experiments that try and show my ideas are wrong†¦ and they can't do it! So eventually all those experiments accumulate, and finally people agree that my idea is a good one. (Sometimes accompanied by a sneer: â€Å"†¦ but of course I knew that all along. I just didn't bother to publicize it†¦ † I told you, scientists are no better and no worse than the rest of the world. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |5. |Your job depends on you finding the best available information on a particular technical topic. Where should you concentrate your search if | | |you want to do it right and keep your job? | | |A. | | |Watch cola commercials on football bowl games. | | | | |B. | | |Locate articles in weekly news magazines analyzing the views of public officials on the technical issue, as reported in the newspapers. | | | | | |C. | | |Get on the web and go looking for the pages posted by â€Å"think-tanks† headquartered near Washington. | | | | | |D. | | |Scan databases of newspaper articles to find the views of public figures on the technical issue. | | | | |E. | | |Find and study refereed scientific articles in learned journals. | | | | No source of information is perfect, but the refereed articles in learned journals put immense effort into â€Å"getting it right†. The web has reliable information, of course, but probably most of the information on the web is not especially reliable. The web is very inexpensive, and lots of people put junk on it.Think tanks also often are pushing an agenda, and try to â€Å"spin† information their way. Most newspapers are around for the long haul, and try to make the news fairly accurate, although some news papers do have agendas, and the editorial pages are not especially accurate. But, if the report is on the views of a public figure, the newspaper may accurately report what the public figure said, but what the public figure said may be less than completely accurate. Some magazines are quite good and careful, but many are pushing a belief or just overhyping things to tease you into buying the magazine.And while you are welcome to believe that drinking a particular cola makes you sexy†¦ don’t count on it. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |E | |Your Response: |E | |6. |Before they can be published, scientific papers must be peer-reviewed. This means that: | | |A. | | |Some other scientific experts read the papers and guarantee that they are True. | | | | |B. | | |Some other scientific experts read the papers and provide quality control by eliminating many mistakes. | | | | | |C. | | |Government bureaucrats read the papers, to be sure that the papers do not i nsult the political positions of the current officeholders. | | | | | |D. | |Everyone in the world is given the opportunity to comment on the papers through a specially maintained blog. | | | | | |E. | | |An editor reads the papers, to make sure that all the semicolons are in the correct places. | | | | Reviewers work hard to identify errors of any sort, almost always identify many, and then the reviewers and editors insist that those errors be fixed before publication.Review is done voluntarily by scientists; this is part of the cost of being a member of this great human undertaking. Science doesn’t claim Truth; although science strives to be as accurate as humanly possible, that is often well short of Truth. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |7. |What is more accurate about the Earth? | | |A. | |The Earth is formed of flat, vertical layers; one runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, and then others are layered on to the sides o f | | |that. | | | | | |B. | | |The Earth is formed of flat, horizontal layers, a little cap at the South Pole, then a layer above that, and a layer above that, all the way | | |up to a little cap at the North Pole. | | | | | |C. | |The Earth is formed of concentric layers (something like an onion–a central ball with a shell around it, and a shell around that†¦), but with | | |a giant hole on one side where the moon-making collision blasted pieces off. | | | | | |D. | | |The Earth is homogeneous; when it melted, it got all mixed up. | | | | | |E. | |The Earth is formed of concentric layers (something like an onion–a central ball with a shell around it, and a shell around that†¦); when the | | |planet melted, it separated into layers. | | | | The planet is onion-like, with an inner core, then an outer core, a mantle (which has several sub-layers), and a crust. The moon-making collision did happen, but the planet got hot enough to separate again. The plane t separated after melting largely or completely, with the densest stuff falling to the center and the lowest-density stuff floating to the top. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |E | | | | |8. |Geologists get to play with chemistry, physics, biology†¦ and history! And what a history you will meet as you work your way through the | | |course.Starting at the beginning, the textbook provides the scientifically accepted start of the story†¦ and promises that you’ll get to | | |explore some of the evidence for that scientific view, later in the semester. Meanwhile, which is more nearly correct of the scientifically | | |accepted view? | | |A. | | |The Earth is eternal, having been here forever and promising to be here forever. | | | | | |B. | |The Earth formed from the falling together of older materials, about 4. 6 billion years ago. | | | | | |C. | | |The Earth formed in the Big Bang, about 6000 years ago. | | | | | |D. | | |The Earth was assembled by g igantic space beavers, which gnawed down the primordial tree of life and piled its branches together to form the | | |planet. | | | | | |E. | |The Earth formed when the Big Bang caused older materials to fall together, about 14 billion years ago. | | | | The Big Bang is estimated as having occurred about 14 billion years ago. Stars that eventually formed in the wake of the Big Bang led to production of elements such as iron and silicon that are common in the Earth—we are formed from second-generation stardust, which â€Å"got it together† to make the planet about 4. 6 billion years ago. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |9. |National Parks are: | | |A. | | |Regions containing key biological resources that have been set aside for the enjoyment of future generations. | | | | |B. | | |Regions containing key geological resources that have been set aside for the enjoyment of the present generation. | | | | | |C. | | |Regions contai ning key cultural resources that have been set aside for the enjoyment of the present generation and future generations. | | | | | |D. | |Regions containing key biological, geological or cultural resources that have been set aside for the enjoyment of the present generation and | | |future generations. | | | | | |E. | | |Regions containing key roller coasters that have been set aside for the enjoyment of you and your immediate friends. | | | | Old Faithful, the giant sequoias, and Mesa Verde’s cliff dwellings are waiting for you, and your grandchildren. [pic|Points Earned: |1/1 | |] | | | |Correct Answer: |D | |Your Response: |D | |10. You find two neutral atoms. Each has 8 protons in its nucleus, but one has 7 neutrons, and the other has 8 neutrons. It is correct | | |to state that: | | |A. | | |The two atoms are from two different elements. | | | | | |B. | | |The two atoms are from the same element, but are different ions of that element. | | | | |C. | | |The two ato ms are from the same cola, but presented in different packaging. | | | | | |D. | | |The two atoms are from the same element, but are different isotopes of that element. | | | | |E. | | |The two atoms are from the same element, but are different isopleths of that element. | | | | The element is determined by the number of protons, so if each atom has the same number of protons, the atoms are the same element. Changing the number of neutrons primarily affects the weight, giving a different isotope of the same element. Changing the number of neutrons too much can introduce radioactivity, so the isotope won’t hang around forever. ) Ions are made by gaining or losing electrons. Isopleths are lines on a map connecting places with the same concentration of something that someone has measured, not exactly relevant here. And cola requires making atoms into molecules, and then mixing molecules of several sorts (water, sweetener, coloring agent, flavoring agent, perhaps caffeine) to mak e cola. [pic|Points Earned: |1/1 | |] | | | |Correct Answer: |D | |Your Response: |D | |11. You get some stuff, and start taking it apart. But, you are restricted to the use of â€Å"ordinary† means (fire, sunlight, your digestive| | |system) and you cannot use atom smashers or atom bombs. What is the smallest piece that you are likely to be able to produce: | | |A. | | |A quark | | | | | |B. | | |A nucleus | | | | |C. | | |A proton. | | | | | |D. | | |An atom | | | | | |E. | |A neutron. | | | | We can break matter down into atoms (Greek for â€Å"not cuttable† because the Greeks didn’t have atom smashers or other exotic tools that would allow cutting atoms into smaller pieces). All of the wrong answers here are smaller pieces of atoms, but cannot normally be isolated by â€Å"ordinary† tools. [pic|Points Earned: |1/1 | |] | | | |Correct Answer: |D | |Your Response: |D | |12. Ignoring good manners, you start rooting around in the nucleus of a p oor, unsuspecting atom, to see what is in there. What are you | | |most likely to find? | | |A. | | |Only neutrons. | | | | | |B. | | |Neutrons, usually with some electrons hanging around among the neutrons. | | | | | |C. | | |Protons, usually with some electrons hanging around among the protons. | | | | |D. | | |Protons, usually with some neutrons hanging around among the protons. | | | | | |E. | | |Only protons. | | | | The simplest nucleus is the single proton in â€Å"ordinary† hydrogen.All other nuclei include protons and neutrons. Electrons make the cloud around the nucleus. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |D | |1. |What is an accurate description of the job of a scientist? | | |A. | | |The scientist invents new ideas, and goes on to show that some of those ideas are false. | | | | |B. | | |The scientist learns the Truth through careful application of the scientific method. | | | | | |C. | | |The scientist Invents new ideas, and then goes on to prove th at some of those ideas are True. | | | | | |D. | |The scientist does only things that show how sexy being a scientist really is, causing down-trodden non-scientists to lose control of | | |themselves with carnal lust for the scientist. | | | | | |E. | | |The scientist does only things that require high-tech equipment. | | | | Much of the fun in science is coming up with great new ideas (hypotheses, if you like fancy words).But for your new idea to â€Å"win†, you have to show that it does better than old ideas, so you have to prove those old ideas false (or incomplete, or not-quite-right, or whatever â€Å"nice† word you might prefer). The scientific method is a powerful way for humans to learn to do things, and learn what does and doesn’t work, but the results of science are always open to improvement, so are not claimed to be Truth, and probably are not Truth. Some scientists still use pencils and look at things, and there are probably a few non-sexy scient ists around somewhere. [pic]|Points Earned: |0/1 | |Your Response: |B | |1. |Most Americans support science because: | | |A. | | |The scientific method allows scientists to learn the Truth. | | | | | |B. | | |All scientists are sexy. | | | | | |C. | |All Americans are bored silly by science. | | | | | |D. | | |All Americans are fascinated by science. | | | | | |E. | | |Science has helped make our lives easier, safer, etc. | | | | Without science and technology, the great majority of us would be dead, so we tend to be supporters of science.Although we know that science works, we’re never sure that it is completely right. Students so often discover things that professors missed, or that professors got wrong, that scientists would be silly to claim Truth. Comparing the TV ratings of the latest hit to the ratings of the latest science program on public broadcasting shows that many Americans are not fascinated by science, but the science-show ratings are above zero, so some people are fascinated by science. And hope as we might, it is unfortunately clear that not every scientist is sexy (just most of them are†¦). [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |E | | | | |2. |What is an accurate description of the job of a scientist? | | |A. | |The scientist invents new ideas, and goes on to show that some of those ideas are false. | | | | | |B. | | |The scientist learns the Truth through careful application of the scientific method. | | | | | |C. | | |The scientist does only things that show how sexy being a scientist really is, causing down-trodden non-scientists to lose control of | | |themselves with carnal lust for the scientist. | | | | |D. | | |The scientist does only things that require high-tech equipment. | | | | | |E. | | |The scientist Invents new ideas, and then goes on to prove that some of those ideas are True. | | | | Much of the fun in science is coming up with great new ideas (hypotheses, if you like fancy words).But for your new idea to â€Å"win†, you have to show that it does better than old ideas, so you have to prove those old ideas false (or incomplete, or not-quite-right, or whatever â€Å"nice† word you might prefer). The scientific method is a powerful way for humans to learn to do things, and learn what does and doesn’t work, but the results of science are always open to improvement, so are not claimed to be Truth, and probably are not Truth. Some scientists still use pencils and look at things, and there are probably a few non-sexy scientists around somewhere. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |A | |Your Response: |A | |3. |The final arbitrator between two alternate theories (for example Aristotle’s and Newton’s ideas) is: | | |A. | | |A public opinion poll conducted by Gallup, ABC News, and Fox News. | | | | |B. | | |Nature, and experiments conducted to test each idea. | | | | | |C. | | |A committee of â€Å"wise men† who gather twice a year to arbitrate such disputes. | | | | | |D. | | |The Nobel Prize Committee in Stockholm, Sweden. | | | |Unlike painting or literature, scientific inquiry has a well-defined procedure for figuring out if Newton's ideas are better or if Aristotle had it right all along. In looking at a painting, we can ask different people what they think, or we can make up our own mind on whether we like it or not, and that is perfectly valid. In science, we have to ask: does the idea fit with the way the world works? Can I predict the speed of a falling object better using Newton's ideas or Aristotle's? As it turns out, Aristotle’s ideas didn’t predict things very well, and Newton’s did. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |4. |When scientists agree that a particular scientific theory is a good one, and the scientists use that theory to help make new things, cure | | |diseases, etc. that â€Å"agreement† came about because: | | | A. | | |A single experiment had an outcome that was well-predicted by that theory. | | | | | |B. | | |A single, well-respected scientist put forward the idea. | | | | | |C. | | |That's what it says in all the books. | | | | | |D. | | |The Nobel prize committee gave the inventor of the idea a lot of money. | | | | | |E. | |A number of different experiments by different people all had outcomes that were well-predicted by the theory. | | | | Agreement on scientific theories is a contentious, drawn-out, and sometimes acrimonious business. Scientists are no better (and no worse! ) than everybody else: we think we are right and those who disagree with us are dunderheads! I put forward my idea, and the experiments that I did that show the idea is a good one†¦ then everybody else piles on and pooh-poohs my idea. BUT, they go out and do experiments that try and show my ideas are wrong†¦ nd they can't do it! So eventually all those experiments accumulate, and finally people agre e that my idea is a good one. (Sometimes accompanied by a sneer: â€Å"†¦ but of course I knew that all along. I just didn't bother to publicize it†¦ † I told you, scientists are no better and no worse than the rest of the world. ) |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |E | |Your Response: |E | |5. Which is more likely to contain reliable information? | | |A. | | |A web page posted by an independent â€Å"think-tank†. | | | | | |B. | | |A magazine article summarizing recent newspaper and television reports. | | | | | |C. | | |A refereed article in a learned journal. | | | | | |D. | | |The views of public figures reported in a newspaper article. | | | | |E. | | |A cola commercial. | | | | No source of information is perfect, but the refereed articles in learned journals put immense effort into â€Å"getting it right†. The web has reliable information, of course, but probably most of the information on the web is not especially reliable. The web is very inexpensive, and lots of people put junk on it.Think tanks also often are pushing an agenda, and try to â€Å"spin† information their way. Most newspapers are around for the long haul, and try to make the news fairly accurate, although some newspapers do have agendas, and the editorial pages are not especially accurate. But, if the report is on the views of a public figure, the newspaper may accurately report what the public figure said, but what the public figure said may be less than completely accurate. Some magazines are quite good and careful, but many are pushing a belief or just overhyping things to tease you into buying the magazine.And while you are welcome to believe that drinking a particular cola makes you sexy†¦ don’t count on it. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |C | |Your Response: |C | |6. |What is accurate about peer review of scientific papers? | | |A. | | |It insures that they are True. | | | | |B. | | |It almost alway s leads to the recommendation that the papers be published without changes. | | | | | |C. | | |It is why we call scientific papers â€Å"primary sources†. | | | | | |D. | | |It provides quality control by eliminating many mistakes. | | | | | |E. | |It is primarily done by government bureaucrats hired for that purpose. | | | | Reviewers work hard to identify errors of any sort, almost always identify many, and then the reviewers and editors insist that those errors be fixed before publication. Review is done voluntarily by scientists; this is part of the cost of being a member of this great human undertaking.Science doesn’t claim Truth; although science strives to be as accurate as humanly possible, that is often well short of Truth. Asking grandpa what school was like in his childhood gives you a primary source (grandpa), even if he insists that he walked 20 miles through neck-deep snow, uphill both ways. Some primary sources have selective memories. |[pic]|Points Ea rned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |D | |Your Response: |D | |7. The Earth is layered. Most geologists believe that this layering originated primarily because: | | |A. | | |The denser material fell together from space first, and then the less-dense material fell in later. | | | | | |B. | | |The Earth partially or completely melted soon after it formed, and the denser materials fell to the center. | | | | | |C. | |Graham Spanier decreed that it be, so it was. | | | | | |D. | | |The Earth has been separating bit-by-bit for billions of years as the cold oceanic slabs sink all the way to the center and pile up. | | | | | |E. | | |The Moon flew out of the Earth after a great collision with a Mars-sized body, causing the Earth to spin faster and separate. | | | Melting allows things to sort out more easily. Think of the rocks and snow and ice and salt and squirrel parts that stick on the bottom of your car when you drive in a snowstorm, and how they sort themselves out when they melt in t he garage or in the spring. Much evidence points to early separation of the Earth into layers, before the collision with a Mars-sized body that blasted out the material that made the moon, although a little bit of separating may still be going on.The type of material falling together to make the planet may have changed as the planet formed, but this doesn’t seem to have been too important in controlling things. And mighty as Graham Spanier is, this was a bit before his time. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |8. |The Earth has a fascinating history, which this class has just begun to explore.Which is more nearly correct, according to the scientific | | |interpretation presented in the text? | | |A. | | |The Earth has been here forever. | | | | | |B. | | |The Earth formed in the great Pepsi flood, when Graham Spanier’s private reservoirs burst open and flooded Pennsylvania. | | | | | |C. | | |The Earth formed in the Big Bang, abo ut 4. 6 billion years ago. | | | | |D. | | |The Earth formed about 4. 6 billion years ago, well after the Big Bang, as materials made in stars fell together to form the planet. | | | | | |E. | | |The Earth formed in the Big Bang, about 6000 years ago. | | | | The Big Bang is estimated as having occurred about 14 billion years ago.Stars that eventually formed in the wake of the Big Bang led to production of elements such as iron and silicon that are common in the Earth—we are formed from second-generation stardust, which â€Å"got it together† to make the planet about 4. 6 billion years ago. |[pic] |Points Earned: |0/1 | |Correct Answer: |D | |Your Response: |C | |9. National Parks are: | | |A. | | |An invention of the Romans, to overcome the â€Å"tragedy of the commons† that caused them to invade the food-service buildings of the neighboring | | |Greeks. | | | | | |B. | | |An invention of the United States that has spread around much of the world, as a wa y of protecting some of the finest parts of the world. | | | | | |C. | |A U. S. government program to provide roller-coaster rides for disadvantaged grandparents. | | | | | |D. | | |An invention of the United States, which has been routinely ignored by the rest of the world because they really don’t like us. | | | | | |E. | | |An invention of Greenlandic people, who set aside the northeastern part of the island as the world’s first national park. | | | Yellowstone was the first National Park, but now you can find National Parks scattered across the planet, preserving key areas for the enjoyment of this generation and for future generations. |[pic|Points Earned: |1/1 | |] | | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |10. |You find two neutral atoms. Each has 8 protons in its nucleus, but one has 7 neutrons, and the other has 8 neutrons. It is correct | | |to state that: | | |A. | | |The two atoms are from the same cola, but presented in different packaging. | | | | |B. | | |The two atoms are from the same element, but are different isopleths of that element. | | | | | |C. | | |The two atoms are from the same element, but are different ions of that element. | | | | |D. | | |The two atoms are from two different elements. | | | | | |E. | | |The two atoms are from the same element, but are different isotopes of that element. | | | | The element is determined by the number of protons, so if each atom has the same number of protons, the atoms are the same element.Changing the number of neutrons primarily affects the weight, giving a different isotope of the same element. (Changing the number of neutrons too much can introduce radioactivity, so the isotope won’t hang around forever. ) Ions are made by gaining or losing electrons. Isopleths are lines on a map connecting places with the same concentration of something that someone has measured, not exactly relevant here. And cola requires making atoms into molecules, and then mixing mo lecules of several sorts (water, sweetener, coloring agent, flavoring agent, perhaps caffeine) to make cola. [pic|Points Earned: |1/1 | |] | | | |Correct Answer: |E | |Your Response: |E | |11. |You get some stuff, and start taking it apart.But, you are restricted to the use of â€Å"ordinary† means (fire, sunlight, your digestive| | |system) and you cannot use atom smashers or atom bombs. What is the smallest piece that you are likely to be able to produce: | | |A. | | |A neutron. | | | | | |B. | | |An atom | | | | | |C. | | |A proton. | | | | |D. | | |A nucleus | | | | | |E. | | |A quark | | | | We can break matter down into atoms (Greek for â€Å"not cuttable† because the Greeks didn’t have atom smashers or other exotic tools that would allow cutting atoms into smaller pieces).All of the wrong answers here are smaller pieces of atoms, but cannot normally be isolated by â€Å"ordinary† tools. |[pic|Points Earned: |1/1 | |] | | | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |12. |Chemical reactions involve: | | |A. | | |The sharing or trading of partons. | | | | | |B. | |The sharing or trading of quarks. | | | | | |C. | | |The sharing or trading of protons. | | | | | |D. | | |The sharing or trading of neutrons. | | | | | |E. | | |The sharing or trading of electrons. | | | |The clouds of electrons around the nuclei of atoms serve as the Velcro of the universe. Atoms gain or lose electrons and then stick together by static electricity, or else share electrons and stick together inside the shared cloud. The nuclei with their protons and neutrons (which are themselves composed of quarks, which also were called partons at one time) are the things held together by the electronic Velcro of chemistry. |[pic|Points Earned: |1/1 | |] | | | |Correct Answer: |E | |Your Response: |E | |1. Ignoring good manners, you start rooting around in the nucleus of a poor, unsuspecting atom, to see what is in there. What are you most likely | | |to fi nd? | | |A. | | |Neutrons, usually with some electrons hanging around among the neutrons. | | | | | |B. | | |Only neutrons. | | | | | |C. | | |Protons, usually with some neutrons hanging around among the protons. | | | | | |D. | |Protons, usually with some electrons hanging around among the protons. | | | | | |E. | | |Only protons. | | | | The simplest nucleus is the single proton in â€Å"ordinary† hydrogen. All other nuclei include protons and neutrons. Electrons make the cloud around the nucleus. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Your Response: |C | |2. Opinion polls show most residents of the US do not believe they understand science very well, but they do favor more government support of | | |science. Why do most US residents favor government support of science? | | |A. | | |Scientists are so breath-takingly sexy that most people are drawn through sheer carnal lust to support the scientific enterprise. | | | | | |B. | | |Science is so boring that almost everyone uses public-broadcasting science programming as a sleep aid, and government funding is needed to | | |insure a steady supply of boredom. | | | | |C. | | |Science has helped make our lives healthier, wealthier, easier, safer, etc. , and people hope that more funding of more science will provide | | |even more health, wealth, ease, safety, etc. | | | | | |D. | | |Science is simply so fascinating that almost everyone can’t wait to see what will be discovered next. | | | | | |E. | |Scientists apply their scientific method, which allows them to learn the Truth. | | | | Without science and technology, the great majority of us would be dead, so we tend to be supporters of science. Although we know that science works, we’re never sure that it is completely right. Students so often discover things that professors missed, or that professors got wrong, that scientists would be silly to claim Truth.Comparing the TV ratings of the latest hit to the ratings of the latest science prog ram on public broadcasting shows that many Americans are not fascinated by science, but the science-show ratings are above zero, so some people are fascinated by science. And hope as we might, it is unfortunately clear that not every scientist is sexy (just most of them are†¦). |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Your Response: |C | |3. In chemistry, the type of an atom (what element it is) is determined by: | | |A. | | |The number of electrons it exchanges with its neighbors. | | | | | |B. | | |The number of protons it has in a cloud around the nucleus. | | | | | |C. | | |The number of neutrons it has in a cloud around the nucleus. | | | | | |D. | |The number of neutrons it contains in its nucleus. | | | | | |E. | | |The number of protons it contains in its nucleus. | | | | Physicists change the name when the number of charged, massive protons in the nucleus changes. Adding one proton makes a HUGE difference to how an atom behaves, and so deserves a new name. The neutrons hang a round in the nucleus to keep the protons from kicking each other out. Exchanging electrons is important, but doesn’t change the element type. [pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Your Response: |E | |4. |What is an accurate description of the job of a scientist? | | |A. | | |The scientist Invents new ideas, and then goes on to prove that some of those ideas are True. | | | | | |B. | | |The scientist does only things that show how sexy being a scientist really is, causing down-trodden non-scientists to lose control of | | |themselves with carnal lust for the scientist. | | | | |C. | | |The scientist learns the Truth through careful application of the scientific method. | | | | | |D. | | |The scientist does only things that require high-tech equipment. | | | | | |E. | | |The scientist invents new ideas, and goes on to show that some of those ideas are false. | | | Much of the fun in science is coming up with great new ideas (hypotheses, if you like fancy words). But for your new i dea to â€Å"win†, you have to show that it does better than old ideas, so you have to prove those old ideas false (or incomplete, or not-quite-right, or whatever â€Å"nice† word you might prefer). The scientific method is a powerful way for humans to learn to do things, and learn what does and doesn’t work, but the results of science are always open to improvement, so are not claimed to be Truth, and probably are not Truth.Some scientists still use pencils and look at things, and there are probably a few non-sexy scientists around somewhere. |[pic]|Points Earned: |0/1 | |Your Response: |A | |5. |What is more accurate about the Earth? | | |A. | | |The Earth is formed of concentric layers (something like an onion–a central ball with a shell around it, and a shell around that†¦); when the | | |planet melted, it separated into layers. | | | | |B. | | |The Earth is formed of flat, vertical layers; one runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, and th en others are layered on to the sides of | | |that. | | | | | |C. | | |The Earth is formed of flat, horizontal layers, a little cap at the South Pole, then a layer above that, and a layer above that, all the way | | |up to a little cap at the North Pole. | | | | | |D. | |The Earth is formed of concentric layers (something like an onion–a central ball with a shell around it, and a shell around that†¦), but with | | |a giant hole on one side where the moon-making collision blasted pieces off. | | | | | |E. | | |The Earth is homogeneous; when it melted, it got all mixed up. | | | | The planet is onion-like, with an inner core, then an outer core, a mantle (which has several sub-layers), and a crust.The moon-making collision did happen, but the planet got hot enough to separate again. The planet separated after melting largely or completely, with the densest stuff falling to the center and the lowest-density stuff floating to the top. |[pic|Points Earned: |0/1 | |] | | | |Your Response: |E | |1. |The US government, and most other governments of the world, provide support for scientists but not for astrologers, palm readers, or telephone | | |â€Å"psychics†. Why do governments support scientists? | | |A. | |Scientists all drink Diet Pepsi because they think it makes them look sexy, and governments are all controlled by the powerful Pepsi | | |Corporation and so the governments support the Diet-Pepsi-drinking scientists. | | | | | |B. | | |Scientists help humans do useful things, which makes the humans healthier, wealthier, etc. , and governments often like to support health and | | |wealth. | | | | |C. | | |Scientists are amazingly sexy, and government functionaries simply cannot control themselves in the presence of such overwhelming sexiness and | | |throw money at the scientists (sometimes tucking tens and twenties into the pockets of the scientists’ lab coats). | | | | | |D. | | |Scientists use a careful method, and governments are always committed to supporting the use of careful methods. | | | | |E. | | |Scientists learn the Truth, and governments are always deeply committed to learning the truth. | | | | The government is often interested in seeing people live longer, or improving the economy, or having better and more-accurate explosive devices for the military, or in many other things that improve our lives, and science plus engineering and scientific medicine are better than any other human activity at delivering these.A cynic might say that politicians are often not all that interested in finding the Truth. And a realist would note that science is being improved all the time, and because you cannot improve on the Truth, science has not (yet? ) learned the Truth. There are many methods in the world, some of them are careful, and many of them are not funded by the government. Some of our spouses or significant others may think that some scientists are sexy, but many other sexy persons are not funde d by the government.One of the professors has been known to drink a competitor of Pepsi on occasion, and some scientists refrain from soft drinks entirely. |[pic]|Points Earned: |1/1 | |Correct Answer: |B | |Your Response: |B | |2. You hang around with the professor, who is a scientist when he’s not teaching. You observe that the professor learns a lot about how certain | | |parts of the world behave, and the professor then uses that information to successfully predict the outcome of an experiment. What does this | | |demonstrate? | | |A. | | |The professor’s knowledge is True; the professor couldn’t have made the successful prediction without knowing exactly what is going on. | | | | | |B. | |The professor was lucky; no professor could ever know what is going on, so a professor who successfully predicted something must be really | | |lucky. | | | | | |C. | | |The professor’s knowledge is close to being True; no professor really knows what is going on , but some professors are sort of close to knowing| | |what is going on. | | | | | |D. |

Counselling Interview Skills Essay

I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. Reflective report. During this module I have learnt how important it is to keep in mind that everyone has a set of values and beliefs. I have learnt the importance of knowing what your values and beliefs are, in order to be an effective counsellor. Client’s values and beliefs may be very different to my own, but that does not mean that they are wrong. Some of my values are to treat people with respect and to try and be empathetic to others. I think these values will help me be a good counsellor in that if the client feels respected and understood, they will feel comfortable with me. I am sure there will be times when a client has values that are just so incompatible with my own, that I will need to consider referral, this does not mean that I have failed the client. The client will benefit more from a counsellor who is able to find a connection with them and who does not judge them. The learning activities I have participated in during this module have helped me see many different points of view. In week four we were asked to view a video called focusing. Everyone identified the same areas of concern such as not explaining the process of counselling correctly. In week eight we had a discussion on the type of issues or clients we would find challenging. My response was counselling a court ordered client, some of the other students had the same response. I said I would like advice from a supervisor, to find helpful ways of connecting to this type of client. In week nine we were asked to research an organisation to refer a client with an identified issue. I chose to refer a client who displays a serious mental health issue, I found three organisations to refer clients to. As a result of all the activities I have undertaken in this module I have a much better understanding of the counselling process and the skills a counsellor needs. Communication skills are at the top of the list in importance. I have learned that counselling is about helping a client find their own solutions to their issues and is not about giving the client your advice. During the workshop for this module, I was able to put into practice the skills I have been learning about this term. I have to say I enjoyed the experience immensely, meeting all of my fellow students and seeing the  different approaches and styles was a great learning experience. Having learnt counselling interview skills, I feel I have the tools for becoming a good counsellor in the future and I am looking forward to learning even more.

Biographical Essay on Kate Chopin essays

Biographical Essay on Kate Chopin essays Kate Chopin, born Katherine O'Flaherty, grew up in a prominent family on February 8, 1850. Her father, Thomas O'Flaherty, was an immigrant from Ireland who was a merchant. Her mother, Eliza Faris O'Flaherty, was from one of the oldest aristocratic Creole families in the St. Louis area. Kate attended the Academy of the Sacred Heart in St. Louis. During this time, Tonette Inge states that Chopin was "exposed to Catholic teachings and a French educational emphasis upon intellectual discipline" (Inge). Her early interests in reading and writing would benefit her later in life. Inge notes that while Chopin appeared to be a social belle on the surface, her writing suggests that she devoted a great deal of time contemplating Chopin married Oscar Chopin in June of 1870. He was from a French- Creole family and operated a cotton plantation. On her honeymoon, she met Victoria Claflin and Victoria Woodhull, two women who would influence her writing. In fact, Inge reports that Woodhull, with a reputation of being a "radical-feminist publisher, stockbroker, spiritualist, and future nominee for president" (Inge), advised Chopin " not to fall into the useless degrading life of most married ladies'" (Inge). This advice is something that Chopin certainly took to heart after events in her life left her alone to provide for her six children, Jean, Oscar, George, Frederick, Felix, and Lelia. Chopin was married for six years, of which while she devoted her family and household, she still managed to reconcile the needs of her own being with the expectations of her conventional milieu. She dressed unconventionally and smoked cigarettes long before smoking was an approved practice among women in her class. (Inge) Interestingly, Chopin was not a feminist in the way that the word is perceived today. Seyersted writes that she never joined women's rights organizati...

Week 9 - Assignment - MKT 574 Example

Week 9 Week 9 XXXX XXXX Challenging s 22/10/11 Challenging s s may be seen as presenting challenges for the firm in a range of different ways, this essay will consider an number of articles from the business, trade and academic press which show the challenging nature of customers in various guises.The first two items to be considered are the ethical consumer report published by the Co-op Bank and a related ethical consumer publication â€Å"deeper luxury† published in connection with the WWF (Co-op Bank 1-20, Bendall and Kleanthous 1-44). Both of these articles highlight the fact that challenges presented by customers today go beyond those of customer service, here the articles indicate the need for firm to act in an ethical way with responsible souring of input goods and ensuing ethical practises with regards to labour rights. The articles both elude to the possible consequences of a company failing its customers in this regard, largely through the possibility of lost sales and boycotts on the behalf of the consumer.The second set of articles to be considered demonstrate the challenging nature of business to business customers (Talking Retail, Creevey). Here examples are cited in the UK food retail sector of where large customers have name the environment for small food producers particularly challenging by taking advantage of the significant power they hold through the process of bulk buying. Such practises are used in reality to drive down prices and negotiate what may be thought of as punitive commercial terms.As such, one can see that customers can present a variety of challenges to the firm ranging from price based pressures to the need to make changes to ways in which products are manufactures and produced in the first place.BibliographyBendell, J, Kleanthous, A. 2007. Deeper Luxury. World Wide Fund. Available online at: wwf.org.uk/deeperluxury/report_download.html [Accessed on 14/07/09]Co-op Bank. The ethical consumerism report 2007. The Co-operative bank. 200 7 Available online at: co-operativebank.co.uk/images/pdf/ethical_consumer_report_2007.pdf [Accessed on 12/07/09].Creevy, J. Morrisons seeks supplier support. Retail Week. 2009 Nov 2nd Available online at: retail-week.com/retail-sectors/food/morrisons-seeks-supplier-support/5007650.articleTalking retail. Smaller suppliers feel supermarket squeeze. 2008 May 22nd Available online at: talkingretail.com/blogs/9741-smaller-suppliers-feel-supermarket-squeeze.html [Accessed on 06/11/09].

How to Write an Outstanding Economic Research Paper

How to Write an Outstanding Economic Research Paper How to Write an Outstanding Economic Research Paper If you have been handed an assignment to write an economic research paper this guide will help. First, here are a few tips up front before we get into the format and construction of the paper. Less is more. Always try and use the most simple calculations and explanations possible. An economic research paper is not the place for fancy words or extravagant, complicated calculations. Concise and clear explanations make a better impression. The same applies for adjectives, it is best to avoid them. Try to use no fluff. Never try to impress or hoodwink the recipient of your paper. Remember, the folks reading it are academics who catch on to such antics Show that your conclusion is both noteworthy and novel. You want to convince the reader that the conclusion in your paper did not come from the findings from another source, but that this is the first time the conclusion has been made, and that the conclusion has value. OK, now that we have a few tips out of the way, let’s take a look at how to format of the economic research paper. Carefully Construct Your Title Your title should clearly and concisely say what you are doing. Do not try to be witty or funny. Do not make the title too broad, short or long. Write a Compelling Abstract The abstract is what a potential reader uses to determine if the remainder of the paper is worth reading.   It should be less then 150 words an only include the most interesting elements. Some items will need to be left out. Know the Purpose of the Introduction. The introduction should include the questions asked during research which are answered in the paper: explain why the answer is important, tactfully reveal what other researches are lacking in this specific subject and explain why your conclusion is unique. Follow the Clear Structure of the Body. The data section should be short. It should identify and describe the source, disclose the strengths and weaknesses of that source and explain any modification. The section that demonstrates your model of research explains it and the logic behind it, revealing the suppositions made. List Your Findings This is generally the lengthiest section of the paper. If you use charts or tables, explicitly state what they represent, or what you would like the reader to gain from them. Include any unexpected findings. Give the answers to the questions asked in your research here as well. Create a Precise Conclusion. This brief section should restate the research questions and give a short synopsis of the findings. Do not simply copy the abstract. Deal with Your Bibliography and Tables. This is the final section of the paper that should include citations, resources and explanations of any tables used. We hope you have found this writing guide useful as you dive into your own economics research paper.

Paper Critique of ADA and Affirmative Action Essay

Paper Critique of ADA and Affirmative Action - Essay Example e physical accessibility to people with disabilities in buildings and also ensures the removal of obstacles that deny individuals with disabilities equal employment opportunities. The main parts of the act are divided into five sections, with the first section insuring against discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities with regards to employment (Accessiblesociety, 2012). The second title prohibits discrimination against the disabled at all public levels, including the state, municipal and school district level. The third part is targeted at public accommodation, where individuals may not be discriminated from enjoying facilities at any public place of accommodation due to their disability. In the fourth part, ADA ensures that people with disabilities enjoy equivalent services with non-disabled people, while the last title includes miscellaneous provisions. Ever since the introduction of the act in 1990, there has been a lot of success in reducing discrimination against the disabled. One of the first advantages of the act is that the accessibility of people with disabilities has significantly improved (Accessiblesociety, 2012). For example, people with disabilities can mount legal objections to practices which they feel are discriminatory. This has helped in increasing job opportunities for people with disabilities. The act has also help medically incompetent but qualified individuals who used to be discriminated based on their medical conditions. According to ADA, an employee is not mandated to ask for medical certificates before hiring. Despite the successes that ADA has had in the past decade or so, the main disadvantage of the act is the apparent contradiction with the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) ( Skoning and Condon, 1994). According to ADA, an employee cannot move an employee from a workplace that is deemed dangerous, since this would seem discriminatory. However, OSHA dictates that dangerous workplaces are illegal.

The Global Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Global Recession - Essay Example The demand for homes and mortgages continued to increase over the years as buyers became more confident in their buying decisions and the return on their investments thus creating a form of bubble that resulted in a continuing rise in home prices. To further induce the borrowing by home buyers loan terms were further relaxed as plenty of funds were available with the lenders and agencies causing a wide dispersion of credit facility without properly checks and balances (Jaffee 2008). Property agents were assigned the task of bringing potential home buyers to the agency in return for the additional benefits and incentives. At that time, the only aim of the financial institutions was to give loan to as many people as possible to earn more and benefit from the soaring prices of properties. But what they ignored in their greed was to check the repaying competency of their potential customers in order to avoid the future debacle. The financial prudence was ignored and people with low income or bad credit history were facilitated by the lenders. Favorable loan conditions were offered as a way to attract borrowers by lending companies that in fact led to solvency issues for them. Loans offered at variable low rates were expected to increase in the future and many borrowers took mortgages in their anticipation that the high prices will help them to refinance swiftly at more encouraging provisos (Jaffee 2008). However, this did not happen and conditions really worsened ov er a period of time.

Managment information system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Managment information system - Research Paper Example However, it is possible for organizations to provide decision makers in management with raw data, which is automatically consolidated and processed. This data is given to them in a manner, which is understandable and easy to work on and these organizations are able to provide their decision makers with insightful information. These organizations utilize business intelligence processes and capabilities. This is a field of research, which is focused on the practical, in addition to, theoretical aspects, for organizations to achieve good information for them to make solid decisions. This research paper will seek to study this experience in, as well as how it helps organizations to shape data processes to get the correct information for quick and rational making of decisions. Objectives of the Research Study Find out what business intelligence is Find out the advantages that BI endows organizations with Find out the phases of implementation for business intelligence Find out the role of the Chief Information Officer in BI implementation Find out the best way to choose the tools of BI and the implementation partner Business Intelligence Business intelligence deals with the specific field of the processing and consolidation of data to retrieve information needed, for an organization, to make correct decisions. The main objective of this process is to give the correct knowledge, through various solutions, at the right time and to the right personnel (arizona.edu 1). In order to do this, it is essential have the correct mix of data collection methods, structures of data, data architectures, IT systems, and responsibilities to give meaningful information. When it comes to key performance indicators, or KPI, business intelligence has an impact that is proven. For instance, Return on Equity, or ROE, climbs to twice as high as it is in organizations that use tools for performance management widely as compared to organizations in the same industry that do not use them. In a ddition, over 60% of executive managers have said that using tools for performance management has a positive impact on the value for shareholders (arizona.edu 1). When most of the companies studied are assessing their business intelligence capabilities, they consider four levels. The first level is reporting, which is a core functionality of tools used in business intelligence, especially since its objective has to do with the creation of standard and recurrent reports in a manner that is user friendly, effective, and efficient (arizona.edu 1). By nature, reports are static and predefined and are generated through an end user request or periodic refreshing via automatic schedulers that can be uploaded on servers in the intranet or shared drives that are accessible to corporate users. The department’s key functionality, therefore, is reduced to consolidation and aggregation of data in an ideally automated and repetitive approach from sources of data that are trusted. The secon d level for the organizations is dashboards, which contain aggregated and high level strategic organizational data that is also inclusive of consolidated performance indicators and comparable presentations (arizona.edu 1). They are inclusive of interactive and static reports with the data being translated into illustrations, gauges, charts, and graphics to make communication simpler with regards to complex topics. The dashboards allow for primary interactions and

Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection Essay

Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection - Essay Example This method of prevention involves education about HIV in the society, safe-sex practices, avoiding sharing of contaminated needles for intravenous drugs. Proper moral behavior is necessary to follow these norms (Kapoor, p.248). 3. Prevention of transmission of HIV infection from infected mothers to their babies by anti-retroviral therapy. This therapy is instituted both to the pregnant mother and also to the baby after delivery. Transmission of infection is also prevented by avoiding breast feeding (Kapoor, p.248). All pregnant women attending antenatal clinics during pregnancy should be counseled about HIV infection. They should be educated about the disease and the modes of transmission. The women should be encouraged to take up HIV test voluntarily. They should be informed about the importance and implications of the test and also the course of management if found positive. Women with high-risk behavior should be advised about window period and repetition of the test after 3-6 months if the HIV test is negative (Kapoor, p.248). Any woman who is found to be HIV positive should be taken into confidentiality and counseled appropriately. She should be motivated, be taught 'positive thinking' and informed that 'HIV is not AIDS'. She should also be warned against transmission of the disease to others and how to prevent it by following simple steps like using condoms. The option of termination or continuation of pregnancy should be left to her, but she must be advised about antiretroviral therapy for the baby if she decides to continue the pregnancy (Kapoor, p.248). Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ARV) Administration of ARV to the HIV positive pregnant mother decreases the risk of MTCT by reducing the viral load in the mother and also by preventing fixing of the virus in the baby (Kapoor, p.248). Monotherapy with zidovudine causes only suboptimal suppression. Hence it is recommended to use optimal combination of anti-retroviral drugs as is used in non-pregnant women (Chen, p.1616). The treatment currently used in the treatment of adults with HIV infection is 'highly active antiretroviral therapy' (HAART) (Chen, p.1616). It consists of a protease inhibitor or a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) such as efavirenz and two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). However, this treatment should be instituted only after 10-12 weeks of gestation to prevent teratogenic effects. All infants born to HIV positive mothers and having received ARV should be followed up long-term irrespective of their HIV status (Chen, p.1616). Nevirapine (NVP) for Prevention of MTCT NVP is a NNRTI. It directly binds to the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, inhibits the synthesis of viral DNA and thus inhibits the viral replication. After a single dose of 200 mg to the mother, it crosses the placenta efficiently. Added to this advantage, it has a long half-life of 40 hours (Kapoor, p.249). In neonates and infants, the dose is 2mg/kg (Kapoor, p.249). The advantage of NVP therapy is that the administration is a simple two-dose regimen to be taken by mouth. Also, it is inexpensive, easier to maintain confidentiality, does not

Negoatiation contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negoatiation contract - Essay Example ns in Japan, states that culture of a given community affects and control all aspects of life by influencing values, behavior and attitudes of a society. However, the nature of organizational cultures is highly inclined by the cultural alignments of the people developing it (Mesa 2014). According to Hofstede, culture is ideals, values and assumption of someone personality to individuality. Culture is always seen as a source of conflict than interaction in Hofstede. In most cases, conflict arises when people from different cultures and origin interact with each other. Such conflicts resulting from culture division may primarily cause an extent of the success or failure of the international business amongst them (Mesa 2014). Culture in most cases acts as the fundamental in management of the modern global workforce dynamics. Hofstede have divided culture in two main groups including the organizational and national cultures. These two cultures had a powerful influence in the organization and the entire different aspects of international labor force management. Hofstede has various cultural dimensions that require one to get well conversant with their cultures (Fang 2003, P. 350). These cultures need to be understood by every individual in workplaces around the world. In order to build a strong connection with others is just through motivating, structuring reasonable projects and developing strategies with a focus. Any country in need of negotiating a contract according to Hofstede requires understanding about the nature of culture (Venaik et al. 2013, P.363).Five dimensions of culture in negating contract in Japan by Hofstede include power and distance (PD) that always explains the extent at which inequality exists (Fang 2003, P. 350). The inequality can be accepted among the people with and to the lacking power people. High power distance marks shows if the society allows uneven circulation of authority. High PD is characterized by centralized companies, stable

Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection Essay

Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection - Essay Example This method of prevention involves education about HIV in the society, safe-sex practices, avoiding sharing of contaminated needles for intravenous drugs. Proper moral behavior is necessary to follow these norms (Kapoor, p.248). 3. Prevention of transmission of HIV infection from infected mothers to their babies by anti-retroviral therapy. This therapy is instituted both to the pregnant mother and also to the baby after delivery. Transmission of infection is also prevented by avoiding breast feeding (Kapoor, p.248). All pregnant women attending antenatal clinics during pregnancy should be counseled about HIV infection. They should be educated about the disease and the modes of transmission. The women should be encouraged to take up HIV test voluntarily. They should be informed about the importance and implications of the test and also the course of management if found positive. Women with high-risk behavior should be advised about window period and repetition of the test after 3-6 months if the HIV test is negative (Kapoor, p.248). Any woman who is found to be HIV positive should be taken into confidentiality and counseled appropriately. She should be motivated, be taught 'positive thinking' and informed that 'HIV is not AIDS'. She should also be warned against transmission of the disease to others and how to prevent it by following simple steps like using condoms. The option of termination or continuation of pregnancy should be left to her, but she must be advised about antiretroviral therapy for the baby if she decides to continue the pregnancy (Kapoor, p.248). Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ARV) Administration of ARV to the HIV positive pregnant mother decreases the risk of MTCT by reducing the viral load in the mother and also by preventing fixing of the virus in the baby (Kapoor, p.248). Monotherapy with zidovudine causes only suboptimal suppression. Hence it is recommended to use optimal combination of anti-retroviral drugs as is used in non-pregnant women (Chen, p.1616). The treatment currently used in the treatment of adults with HIV infection is 'highly active antiretroviral therapy' (HAART) (Chen, p.1616). It consists of a protease inhibitor or a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) such as efavirenz and two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). However, this treatment should be instituted only after 10-12 weeks of gestation to prevent teratogenic effects. All infants born to HIV positive mothers and having received ARV should be followed up long-term irrespective of their HIV status (Chen, p.1616). Nevirapine (NVP) for Prevention of MTCT NVP is a NNRTI. It directly binds to the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, inhibits the synthesis of viral DNA and thus inhibits the viral replication. After a single dose of 200 mg to the mother, it crosses the placenta efficiently. Added to this advantage, it has a long half-life of 40 hours (Kapoor, p.249). In neonates and infants, the dose is 2mg/kg (Kapoor, p.249). The advantage of NVP therapy is that the administration is a simple two-dose regimen to be taken by mouth. Also, it is inexpensive, easier to maintain confidentiality, does not

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciszek Piper Movie Review

David Cole Interviews Dr. Franciszek Piper - Movie Review Example The film is effective in showing the inconsistencies among Holocaust evidences. The presentation of the Soviet’s and Polish’s version of the Holocaust story is done in a logical manner. The new information David Cole gathers from the tour guide and Dr. Piper are, then, placed side by side with past evidences. As a viewer, it was easy for me to follow what David Cole is trying to tell without getting lost in the different sets of evidence presented. David Cole uses evidence from books and photographs that seem to contradict what Dr. Piper and the tour guide say about the camp. In addition, the film allows audiences to interpret the Holocaust story in their own. David Cole does not force the audience to believe in his theory, but he allows the evidence to speak for itself. He offers a new interpretation of Holocaust evidence and, thus, provides a new twist to the Holocaust story. After viewing the film, I realized that there is a lot more to investigate in the Holocaust story. It is important to get the facts straight since history itself is at

HIV Diagnosis Essay Example for Free

HIV Diagnosis Essay Because a new HIV diagnosis can be stressful to an individual, it is not only important to seek follow-up care from a medical standpoint, but from a mental and spiritual standpoint as well. Some follow-up recommendations may include: 1. Prompt medical treatment for initiation of antiretroviral medications, appropriate vaccine administration 2. Continuation of medical care including taking prescribed medication, even when not symptomatic. 3. Education regarding changes in behaviors to reduce risk of transmission to others. 4. Referrals to behavioral and psychological services to assist with emotional needs as well as assistance with coping strategies to deal with the many changes that accompany the diagnosis. 5. Encouragement to seek spiritual care and companionship. 6. Education regarding reproductive choices and contraceptive information.1 What is hiv? HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which leads to immunosuppression. The immunosuppression can cause opportunistic infections, cancer, central nervous system degeneration, and death. HIV is transmitted from person to person from sexual contact, blood contact, or from mother to infant.. 2 HIV is generally classified into three categories; the primary infection phase, the latent phase, and the overt AIDS infection phase. The progression of these phases typically spans 8-12 years. Many people have symptoms after their primary infection that may include: fever, fatigue, sore throat, night sweats, gastrointestinal problems, rash, and headache. If the infection is detected during the primary infection period, the patient may have a much better outcome with early treatment. The primary phase is followed by the latent phase, when the patient is asymptomatic. This phase lasts an average of 10 years. The latent phase is followed by overt-AIDS. If untreated, this phase can lead to death within 2-3 years, or sooner.2 who’s at risk? Men who have unprotected sex with men are at the greatest risk for acquiring HIV. Infants are at risk for acquiring HIV from their mothers in utero, during labor and/or delivery, and during breastfeeding; however transmission can be almost entirely prevented by the proper use of antiretroviral  medications and the absence of breastfeeding. 3 Sharing contaminated needles, unprotected sex, receiving unsterile medical procedures, and accidental needle sticks put individuals at risk. testing There are several different tests available to screen for HIV. Testing is recommended at least once per year for sexually active persons. Enzyme immunoassay test (results take up to two weeks) 4 Rapid HIV antibody test (results take 10-20 minutes) 4 Both tests may be done using blood, oral fluid, or urine. If a positive result from either of the previous two tests, a Western Blot test must be performed. Testing may not be positive even in the presence of infection if testing occurs shortly after infection. The results of the Western Blot test may take up to two weeks. 4 Antigen test (blood test. Can diagnose earlier at 1-3 weeks after first infection) 4 PCR test Can identify HIV in blood within 2-3 weeks of infection. Used in testing of babies born to HIV positive mothers to determine if the babies themselves are positive 4 Home testing kits Home test kits may be purchased at most pharmacies. A small blood sample is mailed in and the patient is contacted with results. 4 Prevention There are several different ways individuals can help prevent acquiring HIV. Some of the methods include: 1. Correct and consistent use of condoms 2. Abstinence or mutual monogamous long-term relationships 3. Regular testing for HIV 4. Use of sterile syringes by IV drug users 5. Antiretroviral treatment for those infected5 6. Male circumcision TREATMEnt There is no cure for HIV. Treatment focuses on slowing down the replication of the virus. Treatment of the HIV virus involves taking medication that interrupts the virus’s replication process. Typically this involves using a combination of medications. The current standard treatment is a combination of three to four antiviral medications which is referred to as high active antiretroviral therapy or HAART.2 Because opportunistic infections are  highly problematic in individuals with HIV/AIDS, infection exposure should be limited and vaccines should be obtained as recommended. 2

Causes And Effects Of Delay In Malaysian Construction Construction Essay

Causes And Effects Of Delay In Malaysian Construction Construction Essay In the construction industry, projects can be delayed among large number of causes. There are different type and categories of delays found on construction Projects. Delay has major effect on completion cost and time of construction Project. Delays can be minimized if they were identifying causes. Knowing the cause of any particular delay in a construction project would help avoiding the same. Even though with different types of studies have been carried out to identify the factors influence the causes of delays, since the problems are quite related to the studies need to focus on specific geographical area, or region in Malaysia. A major appreciation of the Malaysia construction industry is due to the growing rate of delays in project delivery. In Malaysia most public work projects, including any construction projects under government authority or under privacy are awarded on a competitive basis using the traditional approach. The consultants and contractors are engaged in separate contracts. The contractors commonly would be involved until the whole project have been completed 1.3 Aim and objective of study 1.3.1 Aim To investigate delays pertaining in construction projects in Malaysia 1.3.2 Objective To identify the major causes of delays in construction project; To identify the effects of delays in construction project; and To identify the methods of minimizing construction delays. 1.4 Background of the study Construction delay is major problems frequent occur in the construction industry. Delays adversely impact on project stakeholders including owners, design professionals, construction professionals, purchaser and others. The main objectives of construction projects are cost, time, quality and safety numerous According to Assaf, et al. (1995) mentioned the most important causes in large building construction projects in Saudi Arabia which included approval of shop drawings, delays in payment to contractors and the resulting cash problems during construction, design changes, conflict in work schedules of subcontractors, slow decision making and executive bureaucracy in owners organizations, design errors, labor shortage and inadequate labor skill. Refer to causes of delay in Saudi Arabia, the major parties to lead the delay happen which include client and contractor. Because of client always change the design of building. Besides that, late responds and poor project management team and also delay pay month payment to the contractor by client. On the other hand, contactor due to not enough worker during work progress and some argument with sub-contractor. According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the delays in building project in Thailand, as an example of problem faced by the developing economies. They concluded that the problems of the construction industry in developing economies can be nested in three layers: problem of shortages or inadequacies in industry infrastructure, mainly supply of resources; problems caused by clients and consultants; and problems caused by incompetence of contractors. Construction in Thailand because some parties fault due to project delay such as contractor consultant and. During construction stage the client because of changing certain part of design and lack of experience could not solve the problem immediately. Besides client, designer is one of the parties because of own fault which is give unclear drawing to the contractor due to lack in experience. On the hand, the other parties which is contractor because of facing in poor management team, improper planning and scheduling and also inadequacy o f site inspection. According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) surveyed and classified the causes of construction delays in Hongkong as seen by clients, contractor and consultants, and examined the factors affecting productivity. The results of their research indicate that the five principal and common causes of delays are: poor site management and supervision; unforeseen ground condition; low speed of decision making involving all projects team; client initiated variations; and necessary variation of works. Construction delay in Hongkong, the parties related to delay project include client, consultants, contractor and some relevant party. Factor to related delay by client such as client frequent delay make payment to contractor and also suffer in financial problem. Besides client, designer because of lack of experience always make mistake in drawing and late process design document. On the other hand, factor to cause contractor delay project which include lack of experience in project team and also poor site management and supervisions. Other than that, material is also one of the causes. During construction stages, material shortage and material changes to cause project delay. Identified the effects of delays in construction projects have been undertaken by some researchers. According to AIbinu and Jagboro (2002),identified the six effects of delays were time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, total abandonment, and litigation. The results of their studied about the effects of construction delays on project delivery in Nigerian construction industry, shows time overrun and cost overrun were the frequent effects of delays in construction projects. In construction industry, the effect of project delay because of time and cost overrun. In this situation, some of the faults parties need to take responsibility to pay the loss and expense to those parties suffer in damage. Several studies have been studied and recommended the methods of minimizing delays in construction projects. Nguyen, et al (2004), identified five critical success factors could be applied to reduce the effects of delays includes: competent project manager; adequate funding until project completion; multidisciplinary/competent project team; commitment to projects; and availability of resources. To minimizing the project delay during the construction stage, first of all a client needs to hire an experience project manager. Once the problem of delay happen, the project manager can solve immediately. Besides that, the project team member should communicate with other team member. Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) in their study also identified two methods to reduce or if possible eliminate time overrun were acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance. The contractor must take full responsibility during work progress. Once contractor found out actual work progress are not similar with estimate and he must take some action to avoid the project delay such as involve some additional worker. According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) recommended four methods includes: developing human resources in the construction industry through proper training and classification of craftsman; adopting a new approach to contract award procedure by giving less weight to prices and more weight to the capabilities and past performance of contractors; and adopting new approaches to contracting, such as design-build and construction management (CM) type of contracts. 1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of the research will focus on literature review and a questionnaire. Projects investigate in this research included school building, church, office, hospital, communication facilities and etc. The survey will conduct in Malaysia. The questionnaire survey will design based on factors identify from literature review that contributed to causes of delays, effects of delays and methods to minimize delays. A questionnaire will developed to assess the perceptions of contractors and consultants of the relative importance of the causes and the effects of construction delays. The developed survey questionnaire will distributed to the target respondent in Malaysia. 1.6 Outline methodology Stage 1: Literature review The review of literature has provided useful information based on the causes, effects, reactions and possible solution related to the issues delay project in construction industries. Stage 2: Pilot study Data collection will take the form of a structured postal questionnaire. However, an initial pilot study will be conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire through in-depth interviews with three contract manager. Stage 3: Main survey questionnaire and questionnaire go through with interview. The feedback from the pilot study should assist in finalizing the questionnaire and prepare the ground for main survey. The questions with centre around the areas mentioned in the above objectives. In order to obtain a high level of response, a multi-option format will be designed and limited to about 30 question and 10 questions which are go through with interview. Open questions are considered to be inappropriate as they would required the respondents to formulate an answer which needs lengthier input and will therefore be more difficult to analyze. Stage 4: Analyzing the postal and interview questionnaire This stage is analysis of the questionnaire to determine the level of agreement or disagreement by the respondents to each question within the questionnaire by counting the number of respondents who answer favorably or unfavorably. Besides that, analyze the questions which is done by interview to determine how the contractor to solve the delaying problem of project. Stage 5: Writing the research report The stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation and should cover the chapter proposed in the following section. Proposed contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature review Chapter 3 Research design and method of analysis Chapter 4: Analysis of the result and discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion and future study evidence

A Room of One’s Own and Modern Fiction Essays -- Lectures Literature P

A Room of One’s Own and Modern Fiction One of the first things to notice about A Room of One’s Own is that it is not a typical lecture. It rambles and flows back and forth, in and out. It is more narrative than logic. It breaks many of the conventions of a formal address. Why does Virginia Woolf choose to do this? Why choose this style, this method? One reason is to turn predominantly masculine, or traditional, thinking on its head in order to undermine its authority. There is another reason for her approach, however—one that rises from her most basic ideas about what literature and writing should be and do. Her ideas about what makes for good writing are contained in this text, if indirectly. Grasping these ideas allows the reader to see how she is able to write so convincingly, particularly since there seems to be such a significant lack of argument involved. Where she does not tell the reader what she thinks, she shows them. But why does she add an undergraduate in a boat, and why a river? She is doi ng more than simply trying to keep the reader interested with a few colorful descriptions. She is showing us what she values most about writing while at the same time artfully expressing her views on women and fiction. Woolf is a modernist, concerned with illuminating life through the subjective consciousness and its impressions. Her seemingly random details and descriptions, in fact, work together to paint a picture, to leave a skillfully crafted impression upon the reader. She believes the best door to the human mind and heart is through the subjective. She places us inside the minds of others, where we, more often than not, find a little of ourselves. Eudora Welty writes, in her foreword to To the Lighthouse, â€Å"The inte... ...onal narrator is scarcely able, scarcely bold enough, to drop a line of thought into these waters. Descriptions of dinners and the construction of buildings give the reader a feel of Woolf’s picture of the world that no sermon, no argument, no plea, could. And it is through a taxi cab, holding a young man and a girl, and the massive force of the river that the entire work seems to float down, that she captures life and convinces us that she is telling the truth. Works Cited Welty, Eudora. Introduction. To the Lighthouse. By Virginia Woolf. 1927. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1981. vii-xii. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One’s Own. The Longman Anthology of Women’s Literature. Ed. Mary K. DeShazer. New York: Longman, 2000. 16-72. ---. â€Å"Modern Fiction.† The Virginia Woolf Reader. Ed. Mitchell A. Leaska. New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1985. 284-291.

Facebook is a necessary evil Essay

Facebook in simple terms can be defined as a social networking website that enables around a billion people worldwide to connect with each other via the internet. Following its initiation Facebook was labelled as an essential tool for communication whereas these days it has mostly been used as a tool for practising of evil deeds in the society. Recently Facebook has been used as a tool for unnecessary evil in the society with main examples social uprising to cyber criminals. This essay explores the evil deeds associated with Facebook as a social networking site which includes facilitation a room for phishing crimes and social unrest in the society, spreading of false and potentially unwanted information and lastly lacking of privacy and weighs their values versus the perceived advantages of using Facebook as a communication tool. Firstly, Facebook is a necessary evil as it facilitates room for phishing crimes and social uprising in the society. Recent protests in countries such as Tu nisia and Egypt were reported to be fuelled and organised through social networking sites such as Facebook (Lister, 2011). Facebook can also be used as a tool for hackers and burglars to conduct their social activities as it gives them room for easier access to people’s personal information. Two thirds of Facebook users unwittingly expose themselves to crime by revealing their personal details. Consequentially without proper regulation Facebook can all but be used as a tool for practising evil deeds in the society. Secondly, social networking sites such as Facebook are a necessary evil as they enable the spread of unreliable and false information in the society. Recent reports suggest that about half of Facebook users have heard or seen false news and information through Facebook. A recent notable event was in 2012 when false rumours of fires, shootouts, and caravans of gunmen in a Mexico City suburb spread via Facebook causing panic and temporary closing of schools (Rodrigue z, 2012).As a result of Facebook being freely available news outlets are therefore likely to pick up bogus information that can lead to confusion and panicking among the public. In addition to Facebook being used as a tool for spreading information it can also be said to be a necessary evil as it lacks privacy and expose its users to illegal and unwanted intruders. Due to lack of privacy settings or the  public being ignorant or unaware of these settings government and corporate agencies are likely to invade the privacy of these users (McCullagh 2012). Consequently users of Facebook are likely to be exposed to ill-motivated agencies in the absence of adequate privacy settings. Despite the evil deeds associated with Facebook, it can also be a good tool for spreading information faster compared to other Medias. According to Maria (2012) most people are likely to learn about breaking news through the use of Facebook. This can be important especially in times of natural disasters as it can connect rescue teams with victims thereby lessening the impact of these events. Facebook can also be used by students as a tool for discussing educational topics and this ca n be beneficial in this ever changing technological environment (Kressler, 2012). In spite of Facebook being labelled as lacking privacy law enforcement agencies can also use it to catch and prosecute criminals (Evon, 2012). This is especially useful in connection with cyber criminals. Community members can report suspected criminal activities through Facebook leading to quicker response to crime. In addition to it being used as a tool for catching criminals Facebook can be used in empowering individuals to make social change on a community level. In summary given the above stated advantages of using Facebook to the society as well as considering the evil deeds associated with it, it can be said with certainty that Facebook is clearly a necessary evil. With regard to pros such as a tool for communication these cannot outweigh the known effect of using Facebook without proper regulation which includes social unrest promotion and rise in cyber crimes. For this reasons the main point i s that Facebook is a necessary evil and its usage should be controlled through proper and strict regulations/ legislation. References Evon, D. (2011, August 10). NYPD adding Facebook tracking unit to police force. Social News Daily. Retrieved from http://www.socialnewsdaily.com Kressler, S. (2010). The case for social media in schools. Retrieved from http://www.mashable.com Lister, T. (2011). Tunisian protests fuelled by social media networks. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com Maria, K. (2012). Social media: The new news source. Retrieved from http://www.schools.com McCullagh, D. (2012). Feds snoops on social network accounts without warrants. Retrieved from http://www.news.cnet.com Rodrigues, O. R. (2012, August 09). False shootout status causes pain in Mexico City. The World Post Retrieved from http://www.huffingpost.com