Security Measures for Amazon.com

Any organization dealing with online transactions such as Amazon.com must formulate appropriate security measures to reduce the risks involved in their businesses (Huff, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Security Measures for Amazon.com specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Amazon.com must put in place appropriate security measures for its customers to trust their products and services. There are several mechanisms the company should embrace to ensure that the customers’ information, communication, and transactions are protected. The implementation of various security measures depends on the size and nature of the business undertaken by an organization. The measures help to control the accessibility of information and applications by the users. For Amazon.com to achieve maximum security in its e-business, it must ensure its IT infrastructure enhance three quality aspects, which are availability of infrast ructure, security level of the company, and security of communications. Network level securities utilize internet protocols and encryption implementations within network devices (Kulkarni Jahirabadkar, 2012). Secure communication should be embraced in e-business since transactions pass through the public internet where a large number of routers and servers are involved. Thus, Amazon.com must make use of encryption and cryptography. Cryptography ensures security of information as it is passed across intranets to extranets and finally the internet. With respect to the kind of e-business, Amazon.com engages in, the use of firewalls and content filters will enhance the security of the enterprise. Firewalls help in controlling the flow of data packets in and out of the enterprise depending on the origin and destination addresses.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The firewalls sh ould be configured and implemented properly to protect the intrusion on the enterprise network. Therefore, the firewalls and content filters should be reliable and robust to guarantee security. Another security measure that should be put in place within the enterprise is the use of anti-virus software. The software will curb email related virus, which might corrupt the information stored in the organization’s PC. The hackers make use of this virus to control the servers, databases, and personal computers, hence act as threat to the security of information in e-business. Thus, the need for proper and updated antivirus software to protect the servers and databases is vital for Amazon.com. Another security measure that should be implemented by Amazon.com to boost their security of e-business is the use of digital certificates and signatures (Kulkarni Jahirabadkar, 2012). Digital certificates help to identify and verify communications between the trading partners and the enterpr ise. It identifies the organization that owns certificates. It also shows the period for which the certificate is valid. Digital signature acts as a guarantee to the persons and enterprises that own digital certificate of the sent information. Digital signatures ensure that the information is not tampered from the time it is sent from the sender at the time it is received by the recipient. The authentication of the signatures make use of encryption and decryption keys, which ensure that exchange of critical information between the two partners is secure. To enhance security of their e-business, Amazon.com must adopt the use of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). The technology aims at reducing insecurity in the e-business using digital certificates and authorization (Kulkarni Jahirabadkar, 2012). It is important when dealing with insecurities associated with internet since e-business takes place via the public internet. PKI uses cryptographic public and private keys, which aid in the provision of confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of information and transactions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Security Measures for Amazon.com specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The implementation of PKI security measures should clearly state the policies, regulations, software, and standards that are contained in the certification. Amazon.com should use Extensible Markup Language (XML) to achieve trust and security of transactions between buyers, sellers. XML covers the contracts and payment transactions, and it authenticates partners involved with the aid of encryption and digital signatures. XML services ensure the trust services in e-business are integrated into the applications. All these developments and mechanisms ensure that security of e-business is not compromised. References Huff, S. L. (2002). Cases in electronic commerce (2nd ed.). Boston: Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Kulkarni, P., Jahirabadkar , S. (2012). Security and Reliability for e-Business. Oxford : Oxford University Press. This report on Security Measures for Amazon.com was written and submitted by user Charley Parker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Use of Technology to Improve Listening and Speaking Skills

Use of Technology to Improve Listening and Speaking Skills Free Online Research Papers I think nobody can deny that computers are in the center of our everyday life. Is your answer no? Then, just think again: Computers can divide/multiply or add numbers for us, we can draw money from computer- managed ATMs anytime we like, they work in our digital watches, in ABS ESP systems in our cars, in almost all of the control mechanisms of an aeroplane, in digital cameras, in cellular phones, in cd players, in remote controllers, in photocopiers, in satellite systems, so on and on†¦. Do they sound familiar? If you use any of them, it means that you unconsciously â€Å"managed† by a computer system in your everyday life, because all the things I mentioned here have the same basic controlling system: computer. However, we also use computers – I mean Personal Computers- consciously and directly in banks, offices, schools, homes, and everywhere they are needed†¦ We use computers in any cases, anyway, so this is the awful truth: We are totally surrounded by computers. Believe it or not, this is the reality. As regards education, -in our case it is foreign language education-, do you still believe that foreign language teaching learning process keeps unaffected by this silent computer revolution and is trying to accomplish its aim through so-called â€Å"traditional† methods? I am giving the answer for you: Definitely not! Now, foreign language teaching methods are rapidly shifting from the traditional methods to the methods using computer applications and multimedia environments. These applications and environments are used extensively and successfully in reading, writing, listening and speaking practices by ESL teachers and students throughout the world. Whats more, the tools I mentioned here are truly helpful in practising the four skills of a language (reading, writing, listening and speaking) since these tools give language practisers almost exacly what they need; however, the main focus of interest in this article is developing listening speaking skills via internet mul timedia tools. â€Å"The internet is suitable place to practise languages as it offers the possibility, with the right software, of using images and audio resources at the same time, combining sounds and images as in communicative situations in the real world. It also provides users with a highly appealing and innovative format† (Labayen et. al., 2005, p.9). From now on, I will try to show you what computers, internet and multimedia environments offer and how using these tools can help ESL students practising listening speaking throughout this text. Originally, media environmets high, fast and easy accessibility is what makes them an almost perfectly tailored solution to L2 effective and easy-to-reach learning practising resources. Using media environments is convenient in itself, indeed, because it gives us the possibility to choose what is appropriate for us at a certain period of time. Hoven (1999) asserts that computers allow L2 learners to determine the way and the pace that suits them and their needs. For example, when an ESL practiser is in class, s/he can have access to the internet, TV/video to watch movies or educative programmes in the target language, or study on a listening/speaking application using a computer on his/her own. Ehsani et. al. (1998) emphasize that by combining sound, vision, text, video and animation, this self-paced interactive learning environments create much more educative and creative classroom environments. Whats more, besides individual work, two or more people can work together in a group a ctivity which makes the process more interactive. Hoven (1999) believes that computers allow learners to add up what they know altogether more effectively and support peer correction. Whats more, Ellis et. al. (2005) suggest that technology has shaped the collaborative relationships between students and the way they interact with each other which eventually shape the learning opportunities in a classroom. Frith (2005) indicates that even though some L2 students are often required to speak in English in their social settings, they mostly enjoy listening especially when they are watching television or films. This observation emphasizes the use of multimedia environments in L2 classrooms. Whats more, Frith (2005) believes that video lessons can be very stimulating. This is what is needed to actualize real development. Besides, this is also an enjoyable part of listening development, because for many students, learning is associated with dull and boring clasroom activities. Unfortunately, in this case this generalization does not work, because L2 learners â€Å"do it† on their own in a convenient and different way. Verdugo et. al. (2007) assert that children actively take part in understanding the story because of the interactivity of internet based stories and this makes learning easy. This make the development of listening ability more effective and entertaining, but less effo rt-required. Consequently, this is what leads to real development and learning. The use of the internet in classroom environment is relatively a new phenomenon. However, seeing that it offers almost unlimited resources and choices, it has become widespread all around the world. At this point, the important thing is how to use it effectively in classrooms. Labayen et. al. (2005) emphasize that only when the sources are properly selected can the internet be useful in a learning environment. Then, another problem arises: How to select appropriate web sites to make use of them in a classroom to improve listening and speaking skills of students? Labayen et. al. (2005) show that the best way to find good web sites is to listen to a collegues suggestions who actually searched the site on his/her own or find a â€Å"serious† web site which may actually help. When it comes to speaking practice via the internet, there are cheap, useful and wise solutions available. For example, Skype, MSN Messenger, GoogleTalk and similar VoIP applications can be used to connect a native speaker on the internet and realize a real-time conversation for free. Volle (2005) notes in her research that using MSN Messenger to conduct her online lessons, she observed the development in oral proficiency of her students. Even though VoIP conversations cannot make up for some features of a real face-to-face conversation, it is a precious opportunity for an L2 learner to use VoIP applications considering the hardships of finding a native speaker in the place where the learner lives. Labayen et. al. (2005) indicate that face to face communication has many advantages, so video-audio devices in CALL and on the internet are essential to teach oral skills. The use of computer and the internet in classrooms is essential to actualize development in listening comprehension and oral skills, because computer environment allows fast developmental assessment and fast update. Kruse (2004) indicates that the web content can be updated easily and the information can be in use immediately. So, this allows the lesson contents to be much more updated which may eventually cause high levels of awareness and success. Another point Kruse (2004) makes clear is that the cost of using computer systems and internet can be relatively low. Since many video/audio resources and VoIP applications are available on the internet and the maintenance costs are relatively low, this makes it a wise and effective solution to development of listening and speaking skills of L2 learners. As regards the interaction support of multimedia environments, people of the world are just one click away from each other as is conventionally said and this convenience makes the exploitation of such systems in language education vital as well. LeLoup Ponterio (2007) argue that preventing an L2 learner from being isolated, technology is the ultimate solution to those who lack the speech generated by a native speaker. To illustrate, videoconferencing technology is an example of technologic solutions to this isolation. It has many useful and effective uses in learning environments. In the figure below (see Fig. 1) you can see the use of the application in a classroom environment. Figure 1. The use of videoconference application in a classroom environment. (JFK Middle School, Massachusetts, USA) Cabaroglu Roberts (2006) argue that the use of VoIP applications in the classroom environment boosts the students communication skills and intercultural awareness besides enhancing motivation and classroom performance. For example, Skype application is increasingly used as a part of listening and speaking development process throughout the world today. Skype is an internet-based application that enables Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls (Jenks, n.d.). It has a useful user-interface that enables the users easy and effective use (see Fig.2). Whats more, there are similar online applications such as MSN Messenger and GoogleTalk and the likes. MSN Messenger also has millions of users worldwide and is used to improve speaking and listening skills by L2 students. Hampel et. al. (n.d.) assert that Skype and MSN Messenger increasingly create newer possibilities for the users. These softwares can also transmit video at the same time when the users speak to each other. So, this feat ure raises the level of interaction between practisers. Such level of interaction is also effective because of the highly useful features and user-interfaces of the applications. For the user-interface of MSN Messenger see Fig. 3. Figure 2. A demonstration of Skype software user-interface Figure 3. A demonstration of MSN Messenger application user interface. As an alternative, internet TVs and radios can be used to develop listening comprehension skills of an L2 student in an entertaining atmosphere; however, there is a relatively new emerging phenomenon: YouTube.com! This is a video upload-watch-download site and is increasing its popularity day by day. To have an idea how the site looks like see Fig. 4. According to statistics, the site has more than six million videos and the total time necessary to watch all these videos is 9.305 years! This huge video pool offers priceless opportunities to practice listening in an entertaining and convenient environment. LeLoup Ponterio (2006) allege that television/radio shows, news, documentaries, music videos and any videos beyond the imagination of people are just one click away. All you need is an internet connection. The rest is almost totally free; however, LeLoup Ponterio (2006) also suggest that videos should be carefully selected and prepared by the instructor to maximize comprehension and minimize frustration of learners and they hope that improvement in search tools for videos will allow the teachers to find the right video clip for supporting language class. Figure 4. YouTube.com is broadcasting many listening comprehension improving videos. As BBC has always been seen as a genuine source of â€Å"right† form of English, it cannot be disregarded for English Language Teaching. Being aware of its educative role, BBC has been publishing books, audio/video materials and so on. With the rise of the internet, BBC has prepared an English Learning Page which is one of the best of its kind. LeLoup Ponterio (2006) assert that the site gives ideas to the learner about material development and how to work efficiently with the aural input. Maintaining the publication at bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/ , BBC provides the visitors with quizzes, videos, podcasts and games as well as radio archives and voice recordings. As regards listening activities, there are many activities based on listening comprehension one of which is shown at Figure 5. Figure 5. A demonstration of BBC Learning English web site listening practice section Throughout the article, the entertaining aspect of using multimedia environments is constantly emphasized. So why is it so necessary? Because it makes learning easier and the most important of all it makes learning permanent. For example, cartoons may be a good means of teaching children foreign language and improve their comprehension and the things beyond it. â€Å"Although we usually associate cartoons with entertainment, in fact they can have many more serious applications. Children love cartoons as we all know from the fondness they have for the cartoon networks so why not make this attractive medium work for teaching and learning?† (Hobson, 2005, p.1) When it comes to adults, the use of movies have a great positive influence on their motivation and performance. Frith (2005) suggests that although some L2 students are often required to speak in English in their social environments, they predominantly enjoy listening especially when they are watching television or films . Apart from that, songs can be highly useful for developmental process of listening skills of an L2 student. Lynch (2007) suggests that because music is everywhere in human life to change or boost the emotions and feelings, we can include music and songs in language learning as well. Besides, karaoke is also beneficial in that it requires a recitation which eventually leads to improvement in speaking skill. Lastly, computer aided games can also have striking effects on an L2 students listening comprehension and sentence utterance. Keislar et. al. (1970) suggest that games , especially for children, are proved to be useful during their language education process. When games attractiveness unites with convenience and flexibility of computers systems, it may cause positive results as well. The aim of this article is to discuss some prominent benefits of using computer and multimedia environments to develop L2 students listening speaking skills and how the L2 students are affected from it. Jenks (n.d.) suggests that the internet and internet-based applications have great influence on us; however, since enough research hasnt been made over the issue, we are not certain 100 % about the outcomes of its use. Of course, we know that there are some limitations in its use as well; however, keeping it in our minds, ELT community should eliminate the limitations as much as they can and try to exploit its usefulness in every aspect of language teaching. To do this, much more research and experiments are required in the area. Hampel et. al. (n.d.) assert that finding an effective way to practise speaking is one of the biggest problems in both distant education and also online education. By determining the weak points of the method and fixing them, work force can be used more ef ficiently, more energy and material can be saved and more reliable and permanent development can be achieved. To achieve the better, we all should work very hard and do the best we can for it. As we are going to be totaly in cyber age in the near future, at least we are obliged to do it. REFERENCES Cabaroglu, N. Roberts J. (2006). Using SKYPE to Enhance the Education of Non- native Speaker Student-teachers: â€Å"I thought I couldn’t, but now I know I can† Retrieved May 14, 2007, from drjonroberts.com Ehsani, F., Knodt, E. (1998). Speech Technology in Computer-Aided Language Learning: Strengths and Limitations of a New CALL Paradigm, Language Learning Technology Journal, Retrieved March 5, 2007, from: http://llt.msu.edu/vol2num1/article3/ Frith, J. (2005). Listening Using Authentic Video for Overseas Learners of English, Retrieved March 12, 2007, from www.developingteachers.com Hampel R., Stickler, U., Scott, P. (n.d.). ‘Effective Online Communication?’ Spoken Interaction in a Virtual Learning Environment, Retrieved March 15, 2007, from: developingteachers.com Hobson, M. (2005). The Cartoon Network as a Teaching Aid?, Retrieved May 14, 2007, from animationschoolreview.com/sketches/2005/09/the- cartoon-network-as-a-teaching-aid.html Hoven, D. (1999). A Model For Listening and Viewing Comprehension in Multimedia Environments, Language Learning Technology Journal, Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://llt.msu.edu/vol3num1/hoven/index.html Jenks, C. (N.D.). Skypecasts, p.1, Retrieved May 14, 2007, from open.ac.uk/baal-cupseminar2007-sole/p1_3.shtml Jeon, G., Debski, R., Wigglesworth, G. (2005). Oral ?nteraction around computers in the Project-oriented CALL Classroom, Language Learning Technology Journal, Retrieved March 5, 2007, from: http://llt.msu.edu/volnum3/jeon/ Keislar, E., Phinney, J. (1970). An Experimental Game in Oral Language Comprehension, Retrieved May 14, 2007, from http://eric.ed.gov Kruse, K. (2004). Using the Web for Learning: Advantages and Disadvantages, Retrieved May 14, 2007, from e-learningguru.com/articles/art1_9.htm Labayen, MJ., Estopanian, L., Olmos M. (2006). Speaking the Internet: an unlikely match?, p.9, Retrieved March 12, 2007, from www.developingteachers.com LeLoup, JW., Ponterio, R. (2007). Listening: Youve Got To Be Carefully Taught, Language Learning Technology Journal, Retireved May 14, 2007, from llt.msu.edu/vol11num1/net Lynch, L. (n.d.), Using Pop Songs to Improve Language Listening Comprehension Skills, Retrieved May 14th, 2007, from http://EzineArticles.com Verdugo, D., Belmonte, I. (2007). Using Digital Stories To Improve Listening Comprehension With Spanish Young Learners of English, Language Learning Technology Journal, Retrieved February 25, 2007, from llt.msu.edu/vol11num1/ramirez/ Volle, L. (2005). Analyzing Oral Skills ?n Voice E-mail and Online Interviews, Language Learning Technology Journal, Retrieved March 5th, 2007, from: http://llt.msu.edu/vol9num3/volle/ Fig. 1 is retrieved on May 13, 2007, from nps.northampton.ma.us/jfk/ Research Papers on Use of Technology to Improve Listening and Speaking SkillsStandardized TestingThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfQuebec and CanadaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMind TravelRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

Religion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Religion - Assignment Example The weight is very much dependant on the experiential dimension of the religion. The experience that one has with a given religion can decide the way the religion is perceived. Even non believers have a time in their life when they have a spiritual experience. The more experiences that happen will amount to a higher belief. Humans have the tendency to believe what they see or experience. The ability to experience can fill the need one may have. A strong relationship allows the one seeking the relationship to focus their life around the experience. This can allow the weight of the rational side of religion to be equal to the experience. Being conscious allows humans to see and believe. Seeing and believing are very important parts of being able to feel while being conscious. When it comes to religion, it is important to be able to consciously know that there is something there that the individual can have a relationship with. This relationship can change one’s life and be obtained consciously and

Hair as Vital Evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hair as Vital Evidence - Research Paper Example Other types of trace evidence are as follows: glass fragments, food stains, feathers, metal filings, lubricants, building materials, pollens and spores, fingernail scrapings, cosmetics, gunshot residue, plastic fragments, chemicals, saw dust and paper fibers, plant and vegetable fibers, asphalt or tar, dust and other airborne particles, blood and other body fluids, vegetable oils and fats, textile fibers, insulation, soot, explosive residues, and soils and mineral grains among others. Nevertheless, forensic experts regularly meet relatively a few of them. These include: hair, paint, fibers, glass, flammable liquids, and fingerprints. Hair has the potential of associating an individual with a crime or giving a clue to what transpired (Byrd, 2012). For instance, in a crime involving persons the paint of car can chip off and stick on the victim, an indication of a hit and run. Simultaneously or alternatively, the hair of the victim discovered in the suspect’s car trunk indicating what happened during the time of the crime. This paper examines how hair becomes a vital piece of evidence in nearly any crime. Next the nature of hair as evidence, the techniques of collection, and its value will also be pursued. Finally, its effectiveness in pointing to a suspect and appropriateness in identifying the suspect as perpetrator will be analyzed. A French scientist, believed to be amongst the early pioneers in the field forensic science, Edward Locard, believed strongly that persons could not enter a place and leaves the scene without taking dust particles with them. This was later referred to as the ‘Locard’s exchange principle’ (Byrd, 2012). According to the principle, when two objects touch or collide with each other, particles of each of them will be left with the other. The basis of trace evidence’s forensic study emanates from this principle. Forensic investigation involves the

Italian Job Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Italian Job - Movie Review Example In the Italian Job, the actors consisted of renowned individuals including Mark Wahlberg, Donald Sutherland, Edward Norton, Jason Stratham, Seth Green and Charlize Theron and Mos Def. The Setting The setting of the movie suggests that the target audiences are the youth and adults. The graphics and action in the movie clearly provokes mind interpretation and, thus, is rather inappropriate for a much younger audience. In addition to the youth, the public can learn a few lessons from this movie about partnerships and friendships. Further, this movie gets set in a societal context that amplifies its relevance to its target audience. The movie won five awards and these include Taurus Award (2004), Casting Society of America (COLA) Award (2004), COLA (2003), Black Reel (2004) and ASCAP award (2004). In addition to these awards, the movie was nominated seven times to some of the famous awards including BET awards and Saturn awards. This movie bears similarity to the 1969 version, which feat ured the Italian mafia. However, this movie has a contemporary setting that surely fits the description of The Italian Job. The Plot The Italian Job starts with a well-planned theft engineered to take possession of gold bars of value amounting to $35 million from a heavily guarded safe in Venice, Italy. The team that undertakes this endeavor is under the leadership of Charlie(Mark Wahlberg). The crew was to share the spoils of their score when greed got the better of one of them, Steve (Edward Norton). Steve opts to kill all the other crewmembers and elope with the score. Convinced that others are all dead Steve takes the gold bars and moves to Los Angeles with the intent of selling them in the black market. As it emerges, Steve only killed John Bridger (Donald Sutherland), their mentor. A year later, Charlie puts the crew back together and enlists Stella Bridger (Charlize Theron), John’s daughter and a professional safecracker. The other crewmembers include computer genius L yle (Seth Green) wheelman Handsome Rob (Jason Stratham) and Left-Ear (Mos Def), the explosive expert. The crew intends to go after Steve. However, this attempt gets it drive from revenge rather than the monetary value of the catch. Every player of this crew has something to avenge, and the recruit, Stella gets her motivation from the fact that the mark is the same man who killed her father and this alleviate her reluctance to join the crew. The endeavor proves tough since the stage is in L.A. Further, the traitor, Steve proves to be a step ahead at almost every turn, and the cost of the revenge is not as cheap as the crew anticipated. In essence, the twists and turns that almost make the endeavor a wild goose chase serve to maintain the suspense of the setting and keeps everyone guessing on the next step. The stunts in this movie are breathtaking, and graphics in the setting facilitate their success. Evaluation The movie has numerous strengths. However, though the setting had the in tent of being flawless, a few points do not conform to the intent. Nonetheless, the movie comes out on top. It is evident that the movie has enough panache to keep it afloat as an enjoyable film. The charm that each character brings to the table serves well to ensure this film achieves the standard that this genre gets associated. Stratham. Green, Def and Sunderland bring about their well-known performances. The fact that the latter’s stunts come out on top even when the script gets predictable and

The Best Ethical Practices And Values Of Greenpeace Politics Essay

The Best Ethical Practices And Values Of Greenpeace Politics Essay Greenpeace is a renowned Non-Governmental Organisation founded by Dorothy Stowe, Irving Stowe, Dorothy Metcalfe, Jim Bohlen, and Bob Hunter; to fight for the environmental degradation, since 1971. According to Greenpeace Annual Report 2001, Greenpeace is an independent campaigning organisation that uses non-aggression and mediagenic confrontation to expose global environmental issues, and to force solutions which are significant to a greener and peaceful future (Greenpeace, 2001). The organisation is currently campaigning for the safeguard of the oceans and forests by switching fossil fuels to renewable energies, abolishing the use of toxic chemicals, opposing the use of genetically-engineered organisms, and to discontinue nuclear armament as to make an end of radioactive contamination. Ethical perplexing situations faced by Greenpeace Ethical dilemma is a state of involving difficult of choices between conventions (Fisher Lovell, 2003). As we know, ethical dilemma is stressing on the action of preserving a debate problem and to maintain ethical manners rather than looking for an excuse to end the debate. In recent year, Greenpeace is distressing by the ecological issues as stated below:- Genetic-Engineering In this 21st century, human population is increasing exceedingly and climate changes have causing the food production to be threatened. This issue has create a dilemma on the population at large, and because of this issue, scientist has come out with a solution of Genetic-Engineering (GE) which is creating plants, animals and microorganisms by modifying their genomes (Greenpeace, 2010). Besides that, Genetic-Engineering has create a negative impact on agronomic activities; for example, engineered plants found defenceless towards pests and diseases, and creating genetic contamination spreading uncontrollably through interbreeding with other natural organisms. And because of this case, Greenpeace has taking initiative to prevent the contamination of genetic-engineered genomes to the society at large. Climate Changes The climate changes is the major threat for global environmental, and based on the report it claimed that the continuing of use of fossil fuels which triggering the climate rapidly change (Greenpeace, 2002). The climate change has impacts on the agronomic production and creating natural disasters such as erosion, flooding due to the rise of sea level and has risk the population at large and triggering the extinction of the wildlife. Besides that forest devastation also the reason climate change occurred. Greenpeace claimed that one fifth of the global greenhouse gas release due to industrial logging (Greenpeace, 2010). Nuclear Activities Since the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan, nuclear activities have growing rapidly even the end of cold war, and besides that, the level of nuclear stockpiled still remain relatively high. In the report of world nuclear stockpile by Ploughshares Fund (2010) mentioned that there are total of 22,500 nuclear stockpiles in worldwide and over 8,190 warheads still operational (Ploughshares Fund, 2010), and this issue has concern Greenpeace since 1976; to fight for the safety of the people and the environment as to prevent catastrophes of nuclear explosion, warfare, and waste disposal issues. Based on Patrick Moore statement said that nuclear power plants are the next nuclear weapon which is the most hazardous devices has ever made (Moore, 1976). Based on the statement, we knew that Greenpeace never tolerate the uses of nuclear power plant which can convert to nuclear weapon which will harm the people and environment. Industrial Fisheries In recent year, the fishing industries have growths rapidly, and almost more than 70% of the world fisheries are abused by human (Greenpeace, 2010). This is because overfishing has become so common in today world besides that this issue has cause a great change in marine ecosystems which might cause extinction of the oceanic creatures in nearer future, In addition to this besides overfishing, by-catching has also creating a severed environmental impacts towards the marine ecologies because all of the by-catch creatures are threw away into the ocean after netted by the fishermen. The approach used to overcome the ethical issues The Greenpeace ozone campaign [mid-1980s-1992] The ozone campaign is to safeguard the ozone layer from being depleted. The depletion of the ozone layer is causing global warming due to the thinning of the ozone layer. The approach used by Greenpeace is public outreach where the organisation informing the public pertaining about the urgency of ozone layer depletion, and to catalyse public concern and demand for appropriate action from governments and corporations (Mate, 2001). Moreover, the materials that used for informing the public are publication of information video, publication of reports, brochures and leaflets, and public protests based on John Mate; to persuade the world about the danger of ozone depletion and to discourage the public to use substance which might hurt the ozone. Besides that, Greenpeace also involve in the commercial market, to initiate the public to switch to hydrocarbon refrigerator in 1992 from CFC refrigerator. Based on the case study, Greenpeace is using Kantian ethics. Kantian Ethics is stressing on the characteristic of dignity and moral equality of persons provided a principled rationale for resisting the more concerning features of consequentialism (Tiffany, 2006). The ethical values used by Greenpeace has shown the public that human error has cause the ozone to be depleted, and it is very essential that we (public) should change as to prevent further deterioration of the ozone layer. The benefit of Kantian ethics has a powerful and clear outline which well fit to everyones. Besides that, Kantian theory has played a good role in Greenpeace code of ethics where most of the Greenpeace employees followed. In addition, Immanuel Kant concludes that nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good, without qualification, except a good will (Immanuel, 2008). Apple Inc. and Greenpeace [2008] Based on Patrick Schultz and Duane Helleloid (2010) statement said that Greenpeace challenged Apple due to their poor score on reducing the use of toxic chemicals such as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Brominated Flame Retardants which is hazardous towards consumers. However, Apple declines to address the criticism by the Greenpeace activist about their products, recycling and the use of hazardous chemicals. And because of that, Greenpeace launched GREEN MY APPLE a campaign against Apple as to raise awareness of Apple environmental inadequacies in the society. This campaign is to initiate Apple to improve their company policies towards the environmental impact. (Schultz Helleloid, 2010) Based on the action Greenpeace has taken, it has shown that the theory of utilitarianism is being used. Utilitarianism is the moral course of action in which promoted the great happiness of the greatest number of people as to make the world a better place (Rawls Sen, 2009). The action has taken by Greenpeace is try to show Apple that what they are doing is not right because the substance uses by them are hazardous to consumers. Moreover, this case is quite similar to ozone depletion case where however the differences is Kantian rules is absolutism where the public must exercise or face the consequences of depletion but in utilitarianism is a choice of change or face consequences; e.g. if Apple stop using hazardous chemical on their product, they can protect the environmental impact as well as the health of their consumers; if they failed to practice their consequences is the public and the environment might face severe risk that is the purpose of Greenpeace try to convince Apple wha t they are doing is not right. In addition, David Crocker concludes that Humans are not only experiencers or preference satisfiers; they are also judges, evaluators, and doers (Crocker, 1997), and the reason Greenpeace became the ears and voice for the welfare of the public and environment. Greenpeace condemning against Papua New Guinea (PNG) development PNG main sources of income are based on forestry due to their land is unfitted for farming except for tree crops such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil, etc. However, according to Tim Curtin (2006), he mentioned that Greenpeace condemning PNG tree logging is based on unusual norms. Moreover, the condemning of Greenpeace is based on the information provided by Forest Trends which considered secondary sources of information based on the author the term illegal logging is a term can cover a broad range non-forestry legal issues such as work permits, expatriate staffs, training, health and safety, which has nothing to do with forestry issues in PNG (Curtin, 2006). Base on this case, Greenpeace has make an unethical condemnation against PNG in which against their main core values of seeking solution, promote open, informed debate about societys environmental choices (Greenpeace, 2010). Besides that, they are did not exercise their campaign strategies and policies values to take great care to reflect their fundamental respect for democratic principles and to seek solutions that will promote global social equity (Greenpeace, 2010). In PNG case, Greenpeace ignored the promotion of global social equity and did not observe the condition in PNG besides taking second hand information to support their criticism. Besides that, there is no ethics of care in this context; according to Helena Stensà ¶ta (2010), she said look into the context of the ethical dilemma in order to resolve it, and it regards moral development as advances in our understandings of responsibilities and relationships (Stensà ¶ta, 2010). Based on her explanation, Greenpeace should put themselves in PNG shoes; to understand their condition rather than jump into conclusion without knowing what actually happen there, and besides that, Greenpeace should not relied on the information obtained from Forest Trends since Greenpeace did not have sufficient information pertaining PNG logging issues as stated by Curtin. In addition, the answer of ethical dilemmas must always be dedicated on preserving the relationships between people (Aerostudents, 2010), and not pinpointing others. Greenpeace succeeded in obstructing Greenlands opportunities to secure their economic foundation for its peoples life condition and he regards Greenpeace action as being a very grave and illegal attack on Greenlands constitutional rights, and it is highly disturbing that Greenpeace in its chase on media attention with all measures breaks the safety regulations put in place to protect people and the environment by Greenlander Prime Minister (Pearse, 2010).Greenpeace against Greenlandic economic development Greenlanders are critically dependent on fisheries, shrimps and metals exports, and cultivating forage crops, garden and greenhouse vegetables as well as domesticating sheep, reindeers and fishes for local uses (CIA, 2011). Greenpeace exist in Greenland has create hatred amongst Greenlanders because their action has cause a huge loses by stopping them on sealskin trading, and telling youngsters in town not to eat whale or seal, the food Inuits have lived off for hundreds of years (Moshiri, 2010). Again in 2010, Greenpeace once again attack on Greenland oil rig development which condemn by Greenlander Prime Minister Kuupit Kleist (refers to the textbox above), and damaging countrys economy by occupy drilling platform (Carrell, 2010). As understand, Greenpeace trying to protect the nature from deteriorated by the oil drilling. The case above has shows that the organisation has violated their principle of non-violent confrontation, finding solutions and informed debate about societys environmental choices (Greenpeace, 2010). This case is very similar to their condemnation on Papua New Guinea development where there is no fundamental respect for democratic principles when dealing with the situation in a wrongful action because it is not about informing the public about the danger of environmental impact but it creating public unrest. Besides that, there is no ethical relativity in this case. According to Gael McDonald (2010) saying that ethical relativism it driven by the recognition of historical, cultural and individual diversity and the principal supporters are those who have identified significant variations in moral customs around the world and in different social settings (McDonald, 2010). Based on Greenland case, Greenpeace should not condemn Greenlanders oil rig development and halting their sealskin export because it will ruin the country economic, and their forceful approach has infuriate Greenlanders where the organisation has no right to condemn their economic approach where most Greenlanders agreed upon the development of their oil rig reserve because it will reduce the dependency on Danish annual $500 million grant from the oil development (Moshiri, 2010). In addition, there is also no duty of care to resolve the problem in a less confronted approach.

Should Drugs Be Made Legal? Essay -- social issues

Should Drugs Be Made Legal? For several decades drugs have been one of the major problems of society. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation, but the problem still exists. Not only has the drug problem increased but drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer in our country. Some are born addicts(crack babies), while others become users. The result of drug abuse is thousands of addicts in denial. The good news is the United States had 25,618 total arrests and 81,762 drug seizures due to drugs in 1989 alone, but the bad news is the numbers of prisoners have increased by 70 percent which will cost about $30 million dollars. Despite common wisdom, the U.S isn't experiencing a drug related crime wave. Government surveys show between 1980 - 1987 burglary rates fell 27 percent, robbery 21 percent and murders 13 percent, but with new drugs on the market these numbers are up. One contraversial solution is the proposal of legalizing drugs. Although people feel that legalizing drugs would lessen crime, drugs should remain illegal in the U.S because there would be an increase of drug abuse and a rapid increase of diseases such as AIDS. Many believe that legalizing drugs would lessen crime. They point out that the legalization of drugs would deter future criminal acts. They also emphasize and contrast Prohibition. When the public realized that Prohibition could not be enforced the law was ...

How Craft Changed Oreo Marketing Strategy in China

How Kraft Changed the Oreo and Its Global Marketing Strategy for Success in China Gale Business Insights: Global Case Study Collection Learning Objectives After analyzing this case study, students should be able to do the following: Explain at least three benefits of market research in product development for international and emerging markets Identify traditional and nontraditional strategies for increasing revenue through entering new global markets Appreciate the effect of cultural norms and tastes for firms expanding to new markets Discuss how firms can focus products to local tastes while increasing brand value globally IntroductionOne of the more popular strategies for firms to increase profits in the 21st century has been to expand to new, growing markets. China, India, and other Asian and Pacific countries have received a great deal of attention by North American and European firms attempting to tap growing levels of expendable income from the emerging middle classes in these countries. The strategy seems sound, but its execution is critical to its success or failure. Many examples exist of companies in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s failing to gain traction in these new markets.Firms often try to attract new customers by offering essentially the same products that have worked in other markets. They support this strategy by adding sales and marketing staff and other resources to convince potential buyers in the new market of the value of their products. Offering a standard product across markets can minimize costs and increase profit margins. However, cultural norms, tastes, and preferences vary greatly between a firm’s home market and the new market it may be attempting to enter.It is often difficult for firms to gauge the right mix of standardization and localization while still making growth profitable rather than being a drag on profits. For example, Campbell Soup Co. saw an opportunity to make big profits in Russia and China wit h its preprepared soup products. According to The Wall Street Journal, Campbell estimated that Russians and Chinese eat soup five times per week on average. As life in China and Russia gets busier and more women enter the workplace, the company forecasted that people would have less time to prepare meals and that the demand for preprepared food would increase.However, Campbell found after years of marketing its products in these countries that its canned soup strategy did not capture the revenue it needed to be profitable. Campbell introduced and then pulled its condensed soups out of China in the 1990s, and the company announced in June 2011 that it would close its Russian operations four years after entering the market. Kraft Foods Inc. is another company that sees opportunities for new and growing profits in Asia. The company’s first attempts to enter Asian markets were as unsuccessful as Campbell’s initial attempts.However, Kraft decided to shift to a new marketing strategy, grounded in a different understanding of how to best expand into new markets. Kraft Foods and the Oreo in 2005: In Need of a Change The first Oreo cookies were produced in New York City in 1912 and registered as a Nabisco trademark one year later. Nearly a century of popular marketing campaigns made Oreos one of the best selling cookies and best-known food brands in the United States. Throughout this period of popularity, very little changed about the physical cookie: Oreos remained a sandwich cookie with chocolate ends and a cream-filled center.The design of the cookie helped initiate an eating ritual that advertisers soon appropriated to make the cookie even more popular: the â€Å"twist, lick, and dunk† method for eating the cookie has been a centerpiece of Oreo advertising for many years. By 2005, the Oreo cookie had been a mainstay in U. S. consumer culture for nearly a century. However, sales in the United States had seemed to peak, and international growth i n emerging markets in Asia and elsewhere was slow if barely noticeable at all. The Oreo was introduced in China in 1996, in he same form that a customer would find it in a grocery store in the United States. Sales had been flat for the first five years of the 2000s and were in decline. â€Å"In 2007, Kraft Foods China was an unprofitable, $100 million business that was not growing,† noted Sanjay Khosla, Kraft Foods’ president of developing markets, in an interview published by the Boston Consulting Group. Kraft was even thinking of pulling the product out of the Chinese market completely, due to poor sales. The company as a whole was performing poorly. This led to a shake-up of executive management in 2006, with Irene B.Rosenfeld installed as chief executive officer (CEO). Rosenfeld had previously worked at Kraft for 22 years before leaving in 2003 to head Frito-Lay North America. In early 2007, Rosenfeld outlined a strategy to turn the company around that included pro duct quality, research and development (R&D), and acquisitions as critical to the future growth of the company. Rosenfeld hired cutting-edge business leaders such as Khosla to help create the strategy that would change the way Kraft Foods Inc. does business. Fewer, but Larger Bets: Growth Through Focus and the 5-10-10 Strategy at Kraft FoodsWhen Sanjay Khosla left Fonterra Group in 2007 to spearhead Kraft Foods’ business in developing countries, he was tasked with discovering a way to realize the potential for growth in developing markets that had eluded Kraft and so many other large, successful multinational firms. That different approach eschewed the traditional idea that a company must produce more in order to sell more. In a 2011 feature on Khosla in Chicago Magazine, Khosla noted that â€Å"[c]ompanies were just planting their flags, with a one-size-fits-all attitude that didn’t work.You can’t just force stuff from one country to another. † Instead, Kraft Foods would redesign the way it, and other firms, entered emerging markets. Khosla coauthored an article with Mohanbir Sawhney for Strategy+Business magazine, called â€Å"Growth Through Focus,† in which the authors details the many changes that took place at Kraft Foods to succeed in developing markets. â€Å"A typical ‘growth through more’ strategy,† they write, â€Å"diffuses the organization’s efforts. It increases the complexity of the organization and its operations. Companies should not produce more to drive growth but should instead focus its operations and strategy to achieve growth. â€Å"The engines of growth,† write Khosla and Sawhney, â€Å"are focus (fewer brands, fewer categories, and fewer markets) and simplicity (simple vision, simplified execution, and simpler organizational designs). † Kraft Foods would choose which brands have the best chances of winning in which markets and then supply its management and emp loyees with an abundance of resources to succeed. â€Å"We have found that seemingly mature businesses can be energized by making fewer but larger bets. The executive team at Kraft had a strategy for winning but had to ensure that its employees at all levels understood and executed the strategy, so it came up with a vision statement or â€Å"hook† that would be communicated throughout the ranks, called the â€Å"5-10-10† strategy: five categories, ten brands, and ten markets. â€Å"5-10-10† would help communicate to all employees exactly what the major priorities for the company would be, providing a sense in its culture that executive management was open and committed with its strategies and goals.After conducting several workshops with its managers and employees all over the world, where open and candid feedback was encouraged, Kraft Foods decided that its best chance at winning would be to focus on two categories: biscuits and chocolate. Although it has been successful mostly in the United States, Oreo had recently, in 2006, become the bestselling biscuit in China, due to new marketing and product development tactics implemented by a team led by Shawn Warren, vice president of Marketing at Kraft Foods International.By focusing on China with the Oreo and taking focus away from other successful brands and emerging markets, Kraft Foods Inc. was making a big bet indeed. Breaking the Cookie Mold: Recreating the Oreo for the Chinese Consumer What followed was a focused, open-minded market research project to find out why the traditional Oreo was not working in China and, more importantly, to figure out the kind of biscuit (called cookie in the United States) would appeal to Chinese consumers. The findings uncovered precisely why the Oreo was not catching on with the Chinese.It may seem obvious that different cultures have different tastes and norms, but sometimes it takes a lot of investment in market research to discover exactly what those differences are and to move from anecdotal opinions to actionable empirical evidence. First, the Oreo that had appealed to millions of Americans over the course of a century was simply too sweet for the Chinese palate. Put simply, the Chinese did not particularly like the taste of the traditional Oreo. Research also found that the cookie itself was too big and that the price of 72 cents for 14 Oreos was too high.Product Development and Recasting the Oreo Cookie In response to this new understanding of Chinese consumer opinions, Kraft Foods’ Asia Pacific division went to work to create the kind of product that might be able to catch on in the region. The Wall Street Journal reported that 20 prototypes were developed with reduced sugar content. Kraft tested the prototypes to find a formula that Chinese consumers would find most appetizing. They did the same for packaging and pricing, settling on a package that cost 29 cents and contained fewer Oreos.Other product development in novations, based on market research insights, went further in transforming the Oreo in China. Learning that demand for wafer-type biscuits was on the rise in China, Kraft introduced a wafer version of the Oreo that looked nothing like the one so well known in North America but tasted nearly the same as the cookie form, under its new Chinese balance of sweetness and chocolate. This new Oreo contained four crispy wafer layers filled with vanilla and chocolate cream, all covered in chocolate coating.Innovative product development followed to react to market research and attempt to tailor the marketing of the Oreo brand to the Chinese consumer. New filling flavors aimed specifically at the Chinese consumer were introduced, including green tea, orange, mango, and blueberry. In an interview with Retail in Asia, a web publication that covers Asia retail news, Kraft Foods Asia Pacific Sales vice president Andy Tosney described how Kraft Foods had even invested in new R&D to custom fit its O reo brand products to suit the particular needs of the Asia Pacific consumer: W]e discovered that biscuits and sweets snacking tends to be a ‘cold weather phenomenon,’ meaning that sometimes consumption tends to slow down if the temperature gets very hot. With this insight, we developed Oreo IceCream. The fillings in the biscuits have different ice-cream flavours. The advanced technology we use allows the ice-cream fillings to give out an amazing cooling sensation in the mouth as though you’re eating an ice cream. The product is fantastically successful in China and Indonesia.Tosney added that Kraft had taken a further step of transforming its supply-chain logistics in order to ship the ice-cream-filled cookies from the colder northern China climates to the much hotter south of China. Kraft doubled its China sales force to sell these new products, truly bringing to bear the â€Å"Focus through Growth† model that Khosla and CEO Irene Rosenfeld were now cham pioning for the entire company. It did not take long for these changes to take effect on the marketplace. In 2006, the Oreo became the number one–selling biscuit in China.From 2008 to 2010, according to Khosla in his Boston Consulting Group interview, revenues from the Oreo brand grew by more than 30 percent per year on average, with better-than-average margins. Before Kraft Foods’ big push in China, the biscuit and cookie market was not particularly profitable compared to other countries. The Wall Street Journal reported that the Chinese market for biscuits in 2007 was US$1. 3 billion compared to the US$3. 5 billion U. S. market. Now that Kraft Foods felt it had the products the Chinese wanted, it had to let Chinese consumers know about it.Going â€Å"Glocal† with the Oreo Brand and the Marketing Mix Kraft Foods’ innovative strategies to grow in China did not stop at new product development. To advertise the new, tailored Oreo brand, Kraft Foods had to a pply the same locally focused thinking to advertising its products. Kraft did this through what Khosla has termed a â€Å"glocal† strategy. Glocal is the idea of utilizing a firm’s global financial and organizational muscle while localizing marketing leadership and tactics.The first step was to push larger marketing decision-making out of Kraft Foods’ headquarters just outside of Chicago, Illinois, United States, to the regional managers. The idea is simple but often unutilized by large multinational firms: Managers who live in different markets surely know the markets better than the executives at headquarters. These local managers should be challenged to be entrepreneurial with their segment of the business and thus given control of a great deal of strategy and financial resources, resources that are typically centralized at home office.As Khosla and Sawhney write in â€Å"Growth through Focus,† â€Å"decision making needs to be moved closer to custome rs and consumers so that the people responsible for results have the operating freedom they need. † Supported with corporate resources but free to choose how to utilize those resources, local managers are able to innovate and execute quickly, instead of waiting for corporate approval to undertake initiatives. Given this freedom, local managers in the Chinamarket innovated effective new ways to get the word out about the new Oreo to Chinese consumers.Important to the glocal ethos the company had now initiated, these managers developed marketing campaigns that utilized local means to target Chinese populations, while simultaneously supporting the Oreo brand, increasing its global equity. For example, advertising focused on teaching the Chinese consumer about the â€Å"twist, lick, and dunk† technique that is so popular in the United States. The new Oreo products introduced in China were designed intentionally to share in that same experience, although in slightly differen t ways.Kraft launched a TV campaign where children were shown demonstrating the technique to their parents. Another TV ad featured a twist on this situation, with China-born NBA basketball star Yao Ming showing his son how to twist, lick, and, in particular, dunk an Oreo. In addition to the TV ad strategy, Kraft Foods realized that mobilizing support on the ground was just as important as spreading the word on China’s airwaves. To encourage the pairing of milk with Oreo cookies, Kraft organized a grassroots campaign to get Chinese university students to do its marketing for them.Thirty Chinese universities were chosen to participate in an Oreo Aambassador program, drawing 6,000 applications from students. Three hundred of these students were chosen to become Oreo brand ambassadors, and they undertook a range of activities, including riding their bicycles around Beijing with Oreo-branded wheel covers and organizing basketball games with a marketing angle of comparing dunking a basketball with dunking an Oreo in milk. Oreo samples were handed out to more than 300,000 customers. In a Wall Street Journal article on the Oreo’s success in China, Kraft Foods Inc.CEO Irene Rosenfeld called the Oreo bicycle campaign â€Å"a stroke of genius that only could have come from local managers. The more opportunity our local managers have to deal with local conditions will be a source of competitive advantage for us. † The Oreo Ambassador program was so successful that it has been extended to other markets, such as India and Indonesia, and each Oreo Ambassador iteration is promoted on Facebook and other social media sites, in order to reach active college crowds in these markets. ConclusionIn 2007, the year after Kraft introduced the new Oreo into the Chinese market, sales doubled, and the Oreo became China’s number one cookie. Sales in China helped the Oreo brand to pass the US$1 billion mark in global sales. In 2009, Forbes reported that in the ye ar ending September 2009 Kraft Foods had earned a 22. 4 percent market share in the US$1. 6 billion cookie market. According to Kraft’s website, China is now the second-largest market for the Oreo, after the United States. Kraft Foods’ glocal marketing strategy shows a new way for firms to branch out into new markets and reach the new customers that the market research promises.Kraft’s strategy works because it is founded on the assumption that growing in a new, developing market is not necessarily an easy proposition and requires a deep level of understanding of the consumers in that market and a willingness to dedicate substantial resources to create products and marketing campaigns that truly serve actual consumers. This may sound like Marketing 101, but the many examples of firms that have failed to grab hold of Asia-Pacific consumers shows that Kraft Foods’ execution of this strategy played a large role in the company’s success in this market. In an interview with Marketing-interactive. com, Kraft Foods Asia Pacific vice president of marketing Shawn Warren nicely states the difference between those firms that succeed and those who do not: â€Å"The importance of shifting from the ‘I think’ culture to the ‘I know’ culture, that’s a vital lesson we learnt in China. † Questions What did Kraft Foods Inc. learn about the Chinese consumer through market research that it did not know before? Do you believe that the company reacted properly to the market research? How might they have reacted differently?What did Kraft do differently from other firms that try to grow through entering new markets? Do you think Kraft’s methods would work for all multinational firms trying to grow in new markets or regions? Do you think that the Oreo brand has been strengthened, or weakened, due to Kraft Foods’ actions of changing the Oreo cookie itself in other markets? Can you think of other bra nds that it would benefit to undergo a similar transformation? Which brands could lose value if a drastic product change were made? Think of another developing market a firm may want to enter.How do you think this market’s consumers might be different from Chinese consumers? How might they be similar? Could Sanjay Khosla and Mohanbir Sawhney’s â€Å"Growth Through Focus† strategy can be applied to all companies? Which companies may not benefit from this growth framework? Further Readings References/Bibliography Chowdhry, Seema. â€Å"Sanjay Khosla: Khosla and the Chocolate Factory. † Livemint. com, November 19, 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. http://www. livemint. com/2011/11/18201634/Sanjay-Khosla Khosla-and-the. html. â€Å"Finding the Right Blend Is Crucial: Kraft CEO Irene Rosenfeld. The Economic Times, November 23, 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. http://articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2011-11-23/news/30433514_1_kraft-ceo-irene-rosenfeld-oreo-kr aft-executives. Jacobson, Robert R. , and David E. Salamie. â€Å"Kraft Foods Inc. † International Directory of Company Histories. Ed. Jay P. Pederson. Vol. 91. Detroit: St. James Press, 2008. 291-306. Jargon, Julie. â€Å"Campbell Soup To Exit Russia† Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), June 19, 2001: B9. ———. â€Å"Kraft Reformulates Oreo, Scores in China. † Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2008: B1. Khosla, Sanjay, and Mohanbir Sawhney. Growth through Focus: A Blueprint for Driving Profitable Expansion. † Strategy+Business 60. August 24, 2010. Accessed March 7, 2012. http://www. strategy-business. com/article/00034? gko=63292. Lautman, Victoria. â€Å"Kraft Foods’s Brand New World. † Chicagomag. com, June 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. http://www. chicagomag. com/Chicago-Magazine/June-2011/Kraft-Foodss-Brand-New-World. Ng, Erica. â€Å"Profile: Shawn Warren, VP Marketing Kraft APAC. † Marketing-interactive. com, Oc tober 27, 2010. Accessed March 7, 2012. http://www. marketing-interactive. com/news/22808. Silverstein, Michael J. Sanjay Khosla on the Power of Focus: An Interview with the President of Kraft’s Developing Markets Business. † Bgc. perspectives by The Boston Consulting Group, December 5, 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. https://www. bcgperspectives. com/content/interviews/consumer_products_globalization_khosla_sanjay_president_krafts_developing_markets_business. â€Å"Talking Shop: Kraft Foods—Conquering the Asian Market with Global Thinking. † Retail in Asia, February 8, 2011. Accessed March 7, 2012. http://www. retailinasia. com/article/sectors/food-beverage/2011/02/talking-shop-kraft-foods-%E2%80%93-conquering-asian-market-global-thin.

A Scientific Solution to the Whaling Problem Essay Example

A Scientific Solution to the Whaling Problem Essay Example A Scientific Solution to the Whaling Problem Essay A Scientific Solution to the Whaling Problem Essay Science faces a dilemma when it comes to consider the breakdown of society in the face of technological advance. The situation is even more difficult when science takes the environmentalist stance and then finds itself in opposition to native culture, which it also wants to preserve. Anthropological studies have shown that many cultures around the world are integrally linked to whaling, both economically and culturally. But now that whales are facing extinction, the scientific community must make a decision as to which is more worth preservation, native human cultures, or the population of whales. In my opinion, science should support the latter cause. It is an accepted tenet of modern life that technological advance breaks down old modes of social solidarity, and introduces new forms of connectedness. These new spheres of connection bypass locality and ethnicity, so that the tendency is towards a global culture and economy. What seems to be initially a cultural loss is not so, for culture is evolving in step with technology. However, the extinction of whales is a true and final loss. In 1999 the international whaling commission lifted its moratorium and allowed the Makah Indians of Washington State to hunt whales for the first time in 70 years. Charlotte Cote, a descendant of whaling Indians, enthuses over the decision, and describes how whaling has â€Å"reaffirmed their identity as a whaling people and providing a symbol for tribal resiliency, adaptability, and cultural survival† (2006, p. 177). However, Richard Caulfield, who has carried out extensive research into the whaling tribes of Greenland, opines that we cannot v iew these cultures in isolation, and these people have always retained links to mainland Europe. The recent speed of technological advance has only intensified these links. It is obligatory, therefore, that the remote whaling communities collaborate with the international community (Nuttall 1998, p. 831). The best role for the scientific community would, thus, be to effect a dialogue between the natives and the international body politic, while carrying out research from both points of view. References Cote, C. (2006). The Whaling Indians: Legendary Hunters. American Review of Canadian Studies, Vol. 36, pp. 177-181. Nuttall, M. (1998). Greenlanders, Whales and Whaling: Sustainability and Self-Determination in the Arctic. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 4, p. 831.

The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Essay Example

The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Essay Example The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Essay The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Essay Essay Topic: The Jungle The Jungle By Upton Sinclair The Jungle By Upton Sinclair The Jungle portrays the lower ranks of the industrial world as the scene of a naked struggle for survival. Where workers not only are forced to compete with each other but, if they falter, are hard pressed to keep starvation from their door and a roof over their heads. With unions weak and cheap labor plentiful, a social Darwinist state of the survival of the fittest exists. The real story revolves around the integration and eventual disintegration of Jurgis Rudkis and his family, Lithuanian immigrants who move to the Chicago stockyards in hopes of a better life. Unfortunately, their hopes quickly disintegrate; like thousands of other unskilled immigrants at the turn of the century, financial necessity forces them into virtual slave labor in order to survive. For Jurgis and his family, the slave master is the ruthless and greedy meat packing industry, whose leaders value their workers no more than the animals they slaughter. The Jungle shows the relation ship between the animals that were being slaughtered and the workers who were slaughtering them, from very early in the novel. It compares the workers to the animals who are penned up and killed every day in jurgis, jungle, family, each, pg, animals, work, own, out, workers, shows, life, hopes, even, came, 35, upon, stockyards, nothing, hogs, dreams, being, after, while, very, truly, town, survive, something, political, passage, packing, over, men, meaning, man

Photo analysis research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Photo analysis - Research Paper Example Every aspect of study or academic always improves in quality with time. Most ideas in various fields of education are comparable and some are derivative of the other. However, art as a field or subject of study in colleges and universities does not obey the law as explained in the Arnold Hauser’s Sociological Method in Art History. Analyzed well, early photography had certain styles and compositions that depicted a higher level of professionalism. Most renaissance photos are discrete and can be differentiated from modern photos using different criteria. To begin with, renaissance photos like the one to below had certain artistic inputs that make them stand out when compared to the modern photos. Coloration in photography during the renaissance period was meant to portray certain themes to the viewers. Black color, for instance, symbolized a gloomy or despondent mood in a society. Red was always associated with romance. White, on the other hand, had a close association with rel igion especially Christianity. It was also associated with peace and understanding among people in the society. Drawings in the renaissance photos had a lot concerning the history of different societies. Drawings with weapons such as swords symbolized war, victory or a safe society. Political-based, early artists had various ways of displaying their political interests or ideologies using photos. For instance, an artist may decide to draw cartoons representing two different politicians, one cartoon may be bigger than the other. In such cases, the artist is secretly and artistically displaying his or her ideologies in politics. The big photo is always the artist’s most preferred politician. The paper will analyze the following photo with regard to the stated problem. According to this photo, a woman wearing a red dress is sitting on a dinner table next to circular window. She is not eating; there is food on the table, however. The woman has a long hair and looks somehow stress ed. Outside the window, there is a lot of light and this is contrast to the dark room where the woman is sitting (Matheson 287). The image is covered a slant rectangular frame. In addition, the window shows another shape of heart. The woman looks uneasy and impatient with her hands over her head. John William Waterhouse did this photo in 1849. According to him, the photo on the background is a lady of Shalott saying that she is half-sick of shadows. Various questionnaires were distributed to identify people’s views on the photo. One of the questions in the questionnaire were:What do you think of when you come across a woman with a red dress like the one in the photo? Does the picture reveal anything related to romance to you?If yes, where and when do you think this photo was taken? Out of the 100 questionnaires distributed, 71% associated the photo with romance and renaissance period. Most of them associated it with Europe, particularly Italy, France, and Germany. 22% associa ted the woman with early prostitutes in Europe. 7% of the questionnaires were not properly filled. According to the findings, it is quite succinct that William’s main thematic concern at the time of taking this photo was romance. First, the photo has its window in the shape of a heart. Heart, as understood, is a global symbol of romantic love. The window curtains have been removed allowing some light into the dark room. The woman is also in a red dress. Red color has

The limit of shipowner's liability towards the shipper Essay

The limit of shipowner's liability towards the shipper - Essay Example The seller (shipper) will not usually make the contract of carriage with the carrier directly. What normally happens is that a forwarding agent will be employed to make the necessary arrangements. Similarly the carrier will employ a loading broker to obtain cargoes for him. The COGSA incorporates an international convention called the Hague-Visby Rules which attempt to strike a balance between the different interests of carriers and cargo owners. However there is an opinion that these Rules are weighted too much in the favour of the carrier. Therefore another set of rules, The Hamburg Rules came in force on 1st November 1992. So we have the situation where some countries have agreed to become signatories to the Hague-Visby rules, whilst other countries have adopted the Hamburg rules. The UK is not a signatory to the Hamburg Rules. Indeed it is true that the carrier may limit his liability under the COGSA because it creates a one year statute of limitation to bring forth maritime claims, and it allows a stipulation limiting the carrier’s liability to a certain amount, for example. The aim of the COGSA is to limit the liability of the carrier as insurer and to promote maritime trade in view of the many, often unpredictable perils of the sea. The principle of the Himalaya clause was developed in the British case Adler v. Dickson, 1 Q.B. 158 (C.A.1954), where a passenger, Mrs. Adler, injured on the steamship â€Å"Himalaya†, sued master and boatswain in tort because she could not sue the carrier, which was contractually exempt from all liability. The passenger won the case because the contract between her and the company did not have a clause extending the exemption to master and boatswain. Generally, a "Himalaya clause is any clause in a Bill of Lading which seeks to extend to non-carriers any immunity, defense, limitation